关于环境污染试样作微量元素分析存在的问题——贝、鱼、底质的前处理和贝肉的金属元素含量

用紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)鲨鱼肌肉标准试样(RS—0011)和两种底质作样品,研究其在保存、干燥、灰化和解冻、浸洗等前处理中,对测定这些试样的金属含量带来的影响。另外,采用非破坏性中子照射分析法,原子吸收分光光度法,火焰发射光谱法,定量分析了紫贻贝肉粉末试样中(汞、硒、锌、钴、铁、银、溴、钠、砷)九种元素的含量。紫贻贝用聚乙烯袋包装,在-20℃下冷冻保存80天,     

聚丙烯酰胺改性有机硅材料对硅藻、贻贝附着的影响

采用聚丙烯酰胺共聚物对有机硅弹性体进行了共混改性,并对改性有机硅材料进行了静态水接触角、扫描电镜、X射线能谱的分析与表征。结果发现,当改性有机硅涂层浸水时,聚丙烯酰胺共聚物能够吸水并在有机硅涂层表面形成亲水性微凝胶,从而提高了有机硅表面的亲水性。进而考察了改性有机硅涂层对硅藻、贻贝附着的影响,结果显示添加该共聚物后,有机硅涂层的能够较好的抑制硅藻、贻贝的附着,其防污性能得到了显著的提高。     

孔石莼提取物对海洋硅藻生长的影响

为筛选具有防污活性的物质,对孔石莼进行了提取,利用海洋硅藻检测了各提取物的防污活性.首先,使用极性不同的有机溶剂对孔石莼分步提取,然后,将得到的各种粗提物加入到硅藻培养液中,通过显微镜计数硅藻附着生长数量.实验发现各提取物均明显地抑制了硅藻的附着及生长,特别是乙酸乙酯提取物在1 g/L浓度下对硅藻附着生长的抑制率达到99%以上.对硅藻生长影响程度依次为:乙酸乙酯提取物>乙醇提取物>石油醚提取物>蒸馏水提取物.     

硅藻泥包埋纳米零价铁处理含铬废水的研究

采用环境友好型矿物材料硅藻泥(Diatom Mud)包埋纳米零价铁(nZVI)得到复合材料(D-nZVI),分别用XRD、SEM和TEM对样品分析表征.同时,通过考察D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量、投加量、含Cr(VI)废水浓度、p H值、处理时间等对Cr(VI)去除率的影响,进一步研究了反应动力学等.结果表明,在25℃的条件下,D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量为20%时,D-nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率要高于nZVI.p H值较低时D-nZVI的处理效果更好,并且含Cr(VI)废水的浓度越高,去除率越低,投加量增多和反应时间越长,Cr(VI)的去除率越高.当D-nZVI的用量为16 g·L-1,Cr(VI)废水浓度为10 mg·L-1,p H=3时,Cr(VI)的去除率达99%.从SEM和TEM样品分析结果可以看出,硅藻泥表面有很多小而均匀的小孔,较好地包埋或附着在纳米零价铁的表面上,起到了很好的抗氧化作用,为D-nZVI吸附、还原和共沉淀降解Cr(VI)提供了有力依据.     

无毒防污涂料表面底栖硅藻附着评价的实验方法

在实验室培养了底栖硅藻目标附着生物,利用显微镜、图像处理技术等实验研究了底栖硅藻在低表面能无毒防污涂层上的附着面积分数,并测定了附着底栖硅藻的叶绿素a值。研究结果表明,文中提出的海洋生物附着评价实验方法科学有效,并且附着底栖硅藻的叶绿素a值与其在无毒防污涂层上的附着面积分数成反比。     

附着硅藻指数在河流水质监测中的适用性技术研究

对广西龙江和柳江中段共18个样点进行了附着硅藻的采样调查,并采用相关分析法、主成分分析法、最优分割分类法、箱须图法、逐步判别分析法和双向指示种分类法等数学方法研究分析了16个硅藻指数在龙江与柳江中段水质监测中的适用性.结果表明,3次4组不同水质类别中,IPS(Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index)和TDI(Trophic Diatom Index)指数与样点的箱须图都表现出合理的趋势,而且IPS和TDI间、及与环境因子及其他硅藻指数间的相关性显著.表明IPS和TDI适合进行龙江与柳江中段的水质生物监测评价,而本文提出的硅藻指数适用性技术也具有一定的推广价值.     

硅藻与棕囊藻囊体形成的相关性研究进展

棕囊藻（Phaeocystis）因其频以囊体形式引发大面积有害藻华,而备受人们关注。因此棕囊藻成囊作用在其生态竞争以及藻华发生与发展中起着十分重要的作用。越来越多的研究表明硅藻与棕囊藻的成囊作用有着密不可分的关系。因此,本文将对硅藻与棕囊藻囊体形成的相关性研究进展进行介绍,包括硅藻与棕囊藻囊体的附着现象与发现、硅藻参与棕囊藻生活史的发展过程、硅藻促进棕囊藻囊体形成的作用性质、棕囊藻和硅藻之间附着关系的种类选择性、以及棕囊藻和硅藻之间附着关系的性质,进而揭示硅藻于棕囊藻赤潮的发生、发展的生态学意义。     

BDE-47在紫贻贝中的分布、蓄积、消除和毒性效应

以紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)为试验生物,研究了2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)在贻贝组织中的分布、生物蓄积和消除动态,并探究BDE-47对贻贝的毒性作用.结果发现:紫贻贝对BDE-47有较强的生物蓄积能力和一定的消除能力,且蓄积具有组织特异性和浓度依赖性,消化腺和鳃是BDE-47蓄积的靶器官.蓄积和消除阶段各组织中BDE-47含量符合一阶非线性累积/衰减模型.0.01~1μg/L暴露浓度下,BDE-47在贻贝各组织中的半衰期为0.68~7.62d,生物富集系数(BCFs)为3217~140970L/Kg.BDE-47暴露引发消化腺和鳃抗氧化防御系统及组织损伤,其中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性可作为BDE-47暴露的候选生物标志物.     

硅藻和甲藻的荧光识别测定技术研究

基于浮游植物活体叶绿素荧光激发光谱建立了硅藻和甲藻的识别测定技术。根据Fisher判别分析结果,浮游植物活体叶绿素荧光激发光谱具有同门类藻谱形相似、不同门类藻谱形差异明显的特点,可作为硅藻和甲藻的识别特征谱,据此建立了浮游植物荧光特征谱库,并利用非负最小二乘法进行识别测定,其中单门类样品共有258个,识别正确率为98%,回收率≥79%;两个门类的混合样品共有18个,识别正确率为78%,回收率≥76%。     

太子河河岸带土地利用类型与硅藻群落结构的关系

为了评价河岸带土地利用对河流硅藻群落的影响,于2012年5月对太子河河岸带4种主要土地利用类型(森林用地、森林耕作用地、耕地、城镇建设用地)下38个采样点的硅藻群落和水环境特征进行采样分析. 结果表明:森林用地的指示种为膨大桥弯藻(Cymbella turgida)、优美桥弯藻(C. delicatula)、弧形峨眉藻(Ceratoneis arcus)、Gomphonema trancatum等寡污指示种;耕地的指示种为颗粒直链藻(M. granulate)、库津小环藻(Cyclotella kuetzingiana)、线形菱形藻(N. linearis)、尖布纹藻(Gyrosigma acuminatum)等污染指示种. 聚类分析结果显示,相同土地利用类型区域内,硅藻群落结构特征较为相似. 典范对应分析显示,ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(SS)(SS为悬浮物)和ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)是影响硅藻群落结构特征的主要水环境因子. 不同土地利用类型区域内硅藻群落结构特征差异显著,其中,森林用地内硅藻生物指数(17.98)和硅藻属数量(17.33个)最高,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(2.22)和Pielou均匀度指数(0.54)最低;耕地内Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数平均值最高,分别为3.37和0.82;城镇建设用地内物种丰富度(11.00)、硅藻生物指数(9.20)和硅藻平均密度(0.71×104 L-1)最低. 研究显示,不同土地利用类型通过对水环境因子的影响进而影响硅藻群落的变化,其中城镇建设用地面积所占比例较高的河流水环境质量和硅藻群落状况最差;太子河河岸带土地利用类型对河流硅藻群落结构影响显著,并表现出明显的空间异质性.      

抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝生长及摄食的影响研究

在室内以翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）为对象,研究单种抑食金球藻（Aureocuccos anophagefferens）及其与亚心形四爿藻（Tetraselmis subcordiformis）混合藻液条件下抑食金球藻对贻贝的生长和摄食的影响。结果表明,抑食金球藻对翡翠贻贝的生长和摄食均有显著的负面影响。单种高、中浓度抑食金球藻组贻贝的鲜重、干重及无灰分干重均显著低于混合藻组,贻贝的个体生长条件指数（CI）下降明显,其下降率甚至高于饥饿组。混合藻组中贻贝的CI、软组织的鲜重、干重、无灰分干重等均显著低于对照组,其抑制程度与混合藻组中抑食金球藻浓度有关,当混合藻组中抑食金球藻浓度较大时（≥ 4×105 cells/mL）,贻贝的上述指标更低。四组混合藻中贻贝的摄食率也均显著低于对照组,抑食金球藻对贻贝的抑食作用也与其藻细胞密度有关,混有较高密度抑食金球藻组中贻贝的摄食率更低,说明抑食金球藻并非因其个体太小而不能被贝类正常摄食,可能产生了某种生物活性物质抑制了贻贝的摄食和生长,亚心形四爿藻能在一定程度上可以缓解抑食金球藻对贝类摄食和生长的抑制作用。     

Cleaner techniques for the preservation of raw goat skins

As the popular salt curing system is considered detrimental to the environment, a search for safer alternative systems has been a top priority research in the area of leather science. The ill-effects of sodium chloride on the environment and eco-system need no emphasis. Hence there is an urgent need for the development and adoption of a viable cleaner curing system. In the present study, a short-term preservation technique using silica gel has been studied and standardized. The possibility of using silica gel in place of salt as a curing agent alone and in combination with a suitable biocide was studied at an ambient temperature of 31°C. The preservation efficacy of the methods was assessed by various parameters such as moisture content, total extractable nitrogen, and bacterial count. The layer wise moisture content was determined using a NMR micro-imaging technique. The effect of the new curing methods on the fibre structure of treated skins was assessed using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The pollution load generated in the processing of the skins treated using the new techniques is compared with that for salt cured stock. The results show that the cleaner preservation techniques developed were as efficient as salt curing for the preservation of skins. The new curing methods did not pose any problem either in soaking or in the leather manufacturing processes. The methods developed are found to be effective and viable options for combatting the pollution problems of chloride and total dissolved solids (TDS).     

用~(32)P后标记法检测贝类鳃中的DNA加合物

建立了用~（３２）Ｐ后标记技术检测ＤＮＡ加合物的方法，研究了不同水质海湾的贝类鳃中ＤＮＡ加合物水平同时测定了除鳃外贝的其他软组织中多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）的含量．结果表明，软组织中ＰＡＨｓ含量低的贝其鳃中加合物水平比ＰＡＨｓ含量高的贝的加合物水平低，即ＤＮＡ加合物水平与贝组织中ＰＡＨｓ含量有关．     

Revisiting the Life Cycle Assessment of mussels from a sectorial perspective

Mussels as a commercial product involve a range of activities which can be included within four different sub-sectors: culture, dispatch centres, canning factories and, finally, cooking plants. This paper deals with the environmental evaluation of the whole mussel sector from a Life Cycle Assessment approach. The use of exhaustive inventories led to the subsequent environmental characterization of the mussel sector in terms of the contribution observed for each of the sub-sectors. In this sense, the sub-sector associated with dispatch centres presented the largest contributions to the potential environmental impacts, clearly ahead of mussel farming. Furthermore, the sub-sectors of mussel cooking plants and canning factories showed a much lower contribution to the potential environmental impacts. Several improvement potentials were identified from the characterization results, stressing the minimization of the electric energy consumption in dispatch centres. A comparative LCA was performed in order to contrast the environmental performance of the three main commercial mussel products: fresh mussels, canned mussels and frozen mussels. The analysis showed that fresh mussels have the least favourable environmental profile.     

Application of an alkaline protease in leather processing: an ecofriendly approach

Proteolytic enzyme isolated from Aspergillus tamarii prepared by solid state fermentation was studied for dehairing of goat skins in the tannery. The stability of the enzyme for dehairing was optimized at different environmental parameters. Unhairing of goat skins could be obtained at pH 9–11 and temperatures 30–37°C with enzyme concentration of 1% w/v and incubation periods of 18–24 h. The physical properties of the experimental leathers in comparison with the control sets gave better results with respect to tensile strength and elongation at break.     

鄱阳湖康山和湖口水域鱼、贝类体内有机氯农药残留现状

为了解鄱阳湖生物体内有机氯农药的残留和富集状况,分析了康山水域的2种鱼类和1种贝类以及湖口水域的3种鱼类和3种贝类体内的六六六(BHCs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和六氯苯(HCB)的质量分数. 结果表明:康山水域鱼、贝类体内w(BHCs)为0.04～1.53 μg/kg(平均值为0.282 μg/kg),w(DDTs)为0.09～5.38 μg/kg(平均值为1.856 μg/kg),w(HCB)为0.075～0.55 μg/kg(平均值为0.210 μg/kg);湖口水域鱼、贝类体内w(BHCs)为nd～0.43 μg/kg(平均值为0.168 μg/kg),w(DDTs)为0.56～18.76 μg/kg(平均值为4.172 μg/kg),w(HCB)为0.15～1.28 μg/kg(平均值为0.723 μg/kg). DDTs和HCB的检出率和质量分数显著高于BHCs,其中p,p′-DDE和α-BHC分别为DDTs和BHCs的优势组分. 所检测样品的残留水平均未超过我国农业部、美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)和联合国粮农组织(FAO)颁布的标准.      

非活体生物质对含铬废水的吸附研究

研究了非活体生物质——玉米芯对Cr^6＋的吸附作用,并探讨了溶液的pH值、Cr^6＋初始浓度、吸附时间及温度等因素对Cr^6＋吸附效果的影响。结果表明,改性玉米芯对C,有很好的吸附作用,在温度为33℃,Cr^6＋初始质量浓度为20mg/L的Cr^6＋溶液50mL,溶液的pH值为2．0,改性玉米芯用量为1．0g,振荡时间为120min的条件下,改性玉米芯对Cr^6＋的吸附率达到了98．16％。     

Identification of best available techniques in the seafood industry: a case study

A Best Available Techniques (BAT) analysis of a mussel canning processing facility in northwest Spain was undertaken to investigate potential cleaner production and efficiency improvements. Potential techniques were identified from the literature and from our experience in the seafood sector. BATs were then assessed for possible implementation in a mussel canning facility. This work describes, in considerable detail, the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques discussed.     

The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa

Human bocavirus (HBoV) has a global distribution and is associated with respiratory and enteric infections, particularly in the paediatric population. In this study, raw sewage and mussel samples were analysed for the presence of HBoV using nested PCR with primers targeting the VP1/VP2 junction. Amplification and sequencing of the 382 bp region followed by phylogenetic analysis indicated the presence of HBoV 2 in mussel samples and HBoV 3 in sewage samples. This is the first report describing the presence of enteric-associated HBoV in environmental samples from South Africa and in mussel samples from the African continent. The results signify the need for further studies examining the potential risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and highlight the importance of continued screening to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of HBoV in South Africa.