SPE-RRLC-MS/MS测定河水和沉积物中14种典型抗生素

针对磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类共14种典型抗生素,建立了水和沉积物中固相萃取-高分离快速液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-RRLC-MS/MS)前处理方法和仪器检测方法.14种抗生素在5—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性良好,相关系数r≥0.990.优化后的前处理方法采用乙腈/0.1 mol·L~(-1) EDTA-Mcllvaine(1∶1,V/V)作为沉积物样品中目标抗生素的提取剂,甲醇/丙酮(85∶15,V/V)作为固相萃取柱的洗脱液.表层水中14种抗生素的加标回收率为56%—117%,相对标准偏差(n=3)为0.10%—12%;沉积物中14种抗生素的加标回收率为57%—127%,相对标准偏差(n=3)为0.10%—25%.表层水和沉积物中抗生素的方法检出限分别为0.18—5.88 ng·L~(-1)和0.25—2.94 ng·g~(-1).该方法用于检测合肥市南淝河表层水和沉积物中的抗生素,5种抗生素被检出,浓度范围分别为32—308 ng·L~(-1)和2.70—329 ng·g~(-1).     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤、植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)法,建立了土壤和植物样品中13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分析方法,以正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1)作为萃取溶剂,样品经加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)萃取、固相萃取净化后,使用气相色谱仪分析样品中的13种PBDEs.结果表明,所选取的13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)得到了较好的分离,且该方法中BDE-209在土壤和植物样品中的平均添加回收率分别为68.1%—75.1%和65.1%—72.1%,其余12种BDE的回收率分别为70.3%—106.9%、67.7%—93.4%;BDE-209方法检出限分别为0.26 ng.g-1、0.64 ng.g-1,其余12种BDE的方法检出限分别为0.016—0.043 ng.g-1、0.028—0.096 ng.g-1.本实验方法测定多组分PBDEs的灵敏度和准确度较高、稳定性和回收率良好,可满足于环境样品中PBDEs的分析.     

全自动固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定水质中N-亚硝胺类化合物

本文采用全自动固相萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)分析水质中9种N-亚硝胺类化合物.水样以10 mL·min~(-1)速度通过Cleanert NDMA-SPE(1000 mg/6 mL)进行富集,用20%的甲醇水溶液淋洗去除杂质和破坏柱填料表层的水膜,再用二氯甲烷溶剂洗脱,收集的固相萃取洗脱液浓缩后进行GC-MS/MS分析.采用Rtx-Wax色谱柱分离,MRM模式下进行检测,内标法定量.实验结果表明,9种目标物在1.00—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999;方法检出限为0.1—0.5 ng·L~(-1).在低、中、高的加标水平下,9种N-亚硝胺类化合物的回收率分别为71%—94%、74%—95%和75%—103%,相对偏差分别为6.7%—15.8%、5.1%—12.3%和4.5%—9.6%.     

固相萃取-气质联用检测水样中的有机磷酸酯

将大体积固相萃取与GC-MS/MS结合,建立了一种高灵敏度检测水样中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的方法.通过比较不同填料的固相萃取小柱及洗脱溶剂进行了水样前处理优化,进一步通过三重四极杆气质联用仪的选择反应监测模式进行分析,方法的线性范围为1—100μg·L~(-1)(R20.99),检出限为0.31—64.51ng·L~(-1)(S/N=3).在500mL超纯水中分别加入100、200μL和1.0mL单标浓度均为0.1mg·L~(-1)的有机磷酸酯标准溶液,回收率分别为79.0%—96.3%、73.6%—111.6%和91.7%—103.2%,相对标准偏差(除TnBP外)均小于20%,取得了满意的结果.     

在线固相萃取-超快速液相色谱-质谱联用测定水中超痕量呋喃丹和甲萘威

采用在线固相萃取技术对水体中痕量甲萘威和呋喃丹富集,并利用快速液相色谱串联质谱检测器检测.采用固相萃取小柱富集待测物,以色谱梯度泵完成样品的在线净化后,利用阀切换技术将待测物反冲至分析柱进行分离,以串联质谱定性及定量.水样无需样品浓缩富集,过滤后即可进样.方法在1.0—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性良好,呋喃丹和甲萘威的线性相关系数R~2 0.999.呋喃丹和甲萘威的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.3、0.15 ng·L~(-1),加标回收率在90.1%—108%.用所建立的方法测定了自来水中的痕量甲萘威与呋喃丹,结果令人满意.     

分子印迹固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定污泥中多环芳烃

本研究建立了检测污泥中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的气相色谱-质谱测定方法,对该介质中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的提取、净化和色谱质谱条件进行了优化.采用100 m L正己烷∶丙酮(V∶V,50∶50)混合溶剂索式提取样品中的待测组分,经分子印迹固相萃取柱(MIPs/SPE)净化,内标法定量.结果表明,分子印迹固相萃取柱(MIPs/SPE)对PAHs单体专一吸附效果显著,对中环、高环PAHs的吸附明显,并且基质效应减弱.16种多环芳烃的线性范围为10—5000 ng·m L~(-1),相关系数(R2)不低于0.9978,加标水平为50、250、500 ng·m L~(-1)时,基质平均加标回收率分别为60%—105%,58%—121%和63%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=6)为3.8%—9.4%.该方法快速、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好.     

在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法检测水中14种有机磷酸酯

与传统固相萃取耗时长、工作量大、有机溶剂使用量多相比,本文建立了一种在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法同时测定地表水中14种有机磷酸酯的新方法.地表水样过膜后,直接注入在线固相萃取净化装置,经净化后进入分离柱分离,用乙腈和0.1%的甲酸水溶液梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测模式,对14种有机磷酸酯类化合物进行检测,内标法定量.该方法分析时长13.0 min,方法的线性相关系数R~20.98,地表水和自来水样品的加标回收率在64.8%—113%,相对标准偏差RSD在1.2%—9.3%,检出限为0.1—2.7 ng·L~(-1).与常规方法相比,该方法提高了分析通量和灵敏度,准确度好,操作简便,适用于地表水和自来水中有机磷酸酯的检测.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定污水污泥中4种磺胺类药物及其乙酰化代谢物

本文建立了一种检测污水及污泥中4种磺胺类抗生素及其相应的乙酰化代谢物的分析方法,包括磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM1)、磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)以及它们相对应的乙酰化代谢物.本文采用了固相萃取(SPE)的方法作为前处理,并优化了固相萃取条件.计算了样品中复杂的基质效应,并使用内标法来抵消基质效应.该方法在污水中检测限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.12—2.06 ng·L~(-1)和0.43—5.12 ng·L~(-1),在污泥中分别为0.28—2.31 ng·g~(-1)和0.88—6.77 ng·g~(-1),在污水和污泥中的回收率为分别为70.8%—130.6%,88.0%—129.2%.本方法成功应用于检测污水处理厂中的污水及污泥中的目标化合物.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定环境水样中的15种抗生素

采用固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,建立了水样中磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类15种抗生素的同时测定方法.水样经HLB固相萃取柱富集,ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)色谱柱分离,以乙腈和5 mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵溶液(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源-串联质谱多反应监测模式检测.结果表明,同时测定15种抗生素的线性范围为5—100μg·L~(-1)(相关系数均大于0.997),检出限为2.1—22.0 ng·L~(-1),定量限为6.9—71.8 ng·L~(-1);空白水样在加标水平为5、10、20μg·L~(-1)时,抗生素的回收率为50.1%—109.0%,相对标准偏差为0.4%—8.5%(n=7).用本文建立的方法检测某农业小流域环境水样,发现5类抗生素可被不同程度检出,浓度范围为0.1—106.2 ng·L~(-1).     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水中40种抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HLB-HPLC-MS9种氟喹诺酮类(QNs)、7种大环内酯类(MCs)、3种四环素类(TCs)、2种氯霉素类(CAPs)和4种其他类(Others)共40种抗生素的分析方法.通过重点优化水样不同pH值、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na2EDTA)加入量、色谱条件和质谱参数等确定了最佳分析条件.水样经HLB固相萃取柱富集净化,采用Agilent Zorbax Rrhd Eclipse Plus C18 (2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱分离,正、负离子模式分别采集,正离子模式采用0.2%甲酸-2 mmol乙酸铵水溶液和甲醇-乙腈(V/V,1∶1)作流动相梯度洗脱分离38种单体;负离子模式采用纯水和甲醇-乙腈(V/V,1∶1)作流动相梯度分离2种单体,多重反应监测模式分析,内标法定量.结果显示:目标分析物线性范围在1.00—200 ng·mL~(-1)之间,相关系数r2均大于0.99,方法检出限在0.002—0.270 ng·L~(-1)之间,地表水加标回收率在61.0%—149%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.2%—32%之间.方法成功应用于贵阳市南明河12个地表水分析,共检出34种抗生素,其中大环内酯类检出浓度最高,平均浓度为257 ng·L~(-1).     

Vanadium properties,toxicity, mineral sources and extraction methods: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Vanadium chemicals, known as the “vitamins of the modern industry,” are major resources widely used in the petroleum, steel, batteries and catalyst...     

Inclusive development,oil extraction and climate change: a multilevel analysis of Kenya

There has been considerable research on North–South issues on climate change; however, little work has been done on how the recent discovery of oil in some developing countries could affect North–South relations, the prospects for development for the South, climate change and local socio-environmental issues. Using the theory of inclusive development, the concept of the Right to Development, and their relation to stranded assets, this paper addresses the question: what does inclusive development imply at the national and global level in dealing with oil extraction in the context of climate change? Based on a literature review and a layered case study of Kenya, this paper concludes that (a) Kenyans argue that Kenya has a right to extract and use oil resources and that rich countries should reduce their extraction and use; (b) such a claim could be integrated in an appropriate emissions trading scheme; and that (c) Kenya should also account for the national and local socioecological aspects to reduce potential local conflict, yet the conditions favoring inclusive development are not yet established. However, such an argument may also lead to perverse results. If addressing climate change requires phasing out fossil fuels, this argument may lead to stranded assets in both developed and developing countries, and may ironically leave developing countries poorer off as stranded assets are possibly more expensive than having stranded resources.     

土壤中内醚糖超声提取和加速溶剂萃取效率的比较研究及应用

对比研究了不同提取溶剂和不同的提取方法(超声波提取和加速溶剂萃取(ASE))应用于土壤内醚糖(1,6-脱水-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖)提取的提取效率,并通过单因素优化实验建立了土壤内醚糖的高效、稳定的提取方法.实验结果表明,ASE内醚糖提取方法具有更高、更稳定的回收效率.利用甲醇作为提取溶剂,ASE提取方法得到了99%的内醚糖回收率.应用建立的ASE提取方法,检测了受森林火灾影响的土壤样品中内醚糖含量,验证了本提取方法应用的可靠性.     

Removal and recovery of vanadium from waste by chemical precipitation,adsorption, solvent extraction,remediation, photo-catalyst reduction and membrane filtration. A review

At low concentrations, vanadium is essential for cell growth, yet vanadium is harmful to human beings, animals and plants at high concentrations. Therefore, vanadium should be removed from wastewater and solid waste to avoid pollution and to recycle vanadium in the context of the circular economy. Here we review aqueous vanadium species and techniques to remove vanadium such as adsorption, remediation, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, photo-catalyst reduction and membrane filtration.

     

Resource extraction and recycling with environmental costs

Extraction and use of a natural resource is assumed to affect the environment adversely. A perfect substitute for the resource can be supplied through a recycling process. Recycling may also have harmful effects on the environment, but to a smaller extent than extraction. The optimal path of extraction and recycling is studied under various assumptions about the environmental effects of recycling and the assimilative capacity of the environment. In particular, it is shown how the cost of recycling will affect initial resource extraction as well as the environmental quality at the time of resource exhaustion and in the long-run stationary state.     

Speciation study of trace elements in surface sediment of Winam Gulf,Lake Victoria,by sequential extraction,aqua-regia acid digestion,and ICP-OES

The speciation of trace metals in surface sediment in Kisumu Carwash area of Winam Gulf, was studied and results compared with those found at Usoma beach which was found to be several orders of magnitude less polluted. High proportions of the metals were bioavailable (fractions 1–6) with BA% ranging from 21.7% (Al) to 94.5% (Pb) at Carwash and 19.6% (Al) to ～100% (for Cd and Pb) at Usoma beach. The readily mobilizable fraction (fractions 1–4) decreased in the order: Pb > Mn > Sn > Cu > Co > Zn > Mg > Cd > Mo > Ni > Cr > Fe > Al at Carwash and Mn > Mo > Sn > Pb > Cd > Mg > Cu > Zn > Co > Ni > Fe > Cr > Al at Usoma beach. The total Zn, Cd, Cr, and Cu sediment concentrations at Carwash were higher than the threshold effect concentrations (TECs), although their bioavailable concentrations were lower than these limits. Both the total and bioavailable concentrations of Pb in surface sediment at Kisumu Carwash area were higher than the TEC threshold limit indicating significant contamination from this heavy metal. Although there was a general good agreement on data obtained by sequential extraction as compared with those obtained by direct aqua-regia digestion, there were large discrepancies for some specific metal analytes which could be accounted for in terms of analytical variations and lack of uniformity in physical and chemical composition of the sediment samples analyzed.     

Synthesis,extraction, and identification of light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in microwave oven fried Aseel chicken tissues

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of microwave oven frying on production of four, light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) anthracene, fluorene, phenathrene, and pyrene in four tissues heart, liver, neck, and wings of Aseel chickens. The microwave oven-fried samples of tissues along with respective control after appropriate preparation were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. These PAH were identified by comparing retention time of the unknown with known ones and concentration was calculated. Data showed that among the four chicken tissues, the neck contained the maximum level (0.079 mg/kg) of anthracene while wings contained the minimum (0.006 mg/kg). Similarly, in case of flourene, the fried heart showed greater percentage increase (225.04%) while wings showed 16.18% fluorene compared with other two organs, while phenanthrene and pyrene were maximal in wings at 0.249 mg/kg and 0.094 mg/kg, respectively. Results demonstrate that high-temperature treatment such as microwave oven frying of chicken meat might be responsible to generate these toxicants. Further study is to determine the production of other PAH under the different barbecuing conditions using various meat varieties.     

Extraction capacity and the optimal order of extraction

The least-cost-first extraction rule for deposits with different extraction costs previously has been shown to be invalid in general equilibrium. This paper demonstrates that this rule also does not hold in partial equilibrium when extraction capacity is limited. Necessary and sufficient conditions for several surprising extraction orders are presented. If extraction from a high-cost resource is constrained, it may be optimal to begin extraction from a high-cost deposit (or backstop) strictly before extracting from a lower-cost deposit. If extraction from a low-cost resource is limited, it may be optimal to exhaust a high-cost deposit strictly before the low-cost deposit is exhausted or to abandon extraction temporarily from a high-cost deposit and then to exhaust it later. The analysis demonstrates how extraction constraints affect the order of extraction and shows that certain cost reversals are caused by limited extraction capacity rather than by the general equilibrium definition of extraction costs.