牛肠激酶基因工程菌的构建、高密度发酵、纯化及活性鉴定

肠激酶（enterokinase，EK）是一种专一识别DDDDK氨基酸序列、并水解K后肽键的丝氨酸蛋白水解酶．根据GenBank序列进行人工合成牛肠激酶轻链基因cDNA，测序正确后将其插入甲醇酵母分泌型载体pPICZαA，得到重组质粒pPICZαA／EKL，重组载体经线性化后转化Pichia pastoris SMD1168H，筛选得到重组牛肠激酶轻链工程菌．分别对重组酵母工程菌进行高密度发酵、rEKL（recombinant enterokinase light chain，rEKL）纯化、N端序列测定、生物学活性鉴定等研究工作．结果表明，发酵上清中rEKL含量高，纯化的rEKL专一性强、无其他杂酶活性、N端15个氨基酸序列与文献报道一致．图5参17     

豆豉溶栓酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及其产物的纯化

将含有和不含前肽的豆豉溶栓酶编码序列在毕赤酵母中分别进行表达研究,发现在含有前肽的豆豉溶栓酶基因转化的毕赤酵母工程菌用甲醇诱导时,其培养液中可检测到较强的溶栓酶活性;而在不含前肽的豆豉溶栓酶基因转化的毕赤酵母菌用甲醇诱导时,培养液中未检测到溶栓酶活性.对毕赤酵母表达和分泌的豆豉溶栓酶进行了分离纯化,并对其纯化产物进行溶栓酶活性、SDS-PAGE电泳、抑制剂作用及免疫印迹分析.结果表明,分泌到培养液中的豆豉溶栓酶已经过剪切加工,其前肽已被切除,重组与天然的豆豉溶栓酶具有相同的溶栓酶活性,其所测定的各理化指标均一致.本研究实现了豆豉溶栓酶在毕赤酵母菌中成功表达,并首次直接证明了前肽对豆豉溶栓酶在毕赤酵母中分泌表达是必须的.图3表1参20     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

从嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var.levisporus)RNA中通过RT-PCR克隆出β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl Ⅰ的全长序列,cDNA序列为2 672 bp.Genbank登录号为EU269025,将该片段插入巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,获得重组质粒pPIC9K/bgl,经线性化后用电穿孔法导入毕赤酵母GS115中,在醇氧化酶AOXI基因启动子作用下,获得高效表达β-葡萄糖苷酶的毕赤酵母工程菌株.经DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析纯化了该重组表达蛋白.SDS-PAGER测得该重组蛋白相对分子质量(M)约为120×103.经甲醇诱导,培养基中β-葡萄糖苷酶的活力可达1.2 U/mg,小规模发酵量达0.45 mg/mL.该酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0.于70℃保温30 min仍保持80%的酶活力,具有较高的热稳定性,在pH 3.0～9.0的条件下酸碱耐受性强.图6表1参22     

无指盘臭蛙皮肤抗菌肽Odorgrin A真核表达载体的构建与转化

根据无指盘臭蛙(Odorrana grahami)皮肤抗菌肽Odorgrin A的氨基酸序列,合成了以酵母偏爱密码子编码的Odorgrin A基因片段.目的片段从合成质粒上用XhoΙ和EcoRΙ双酶切下后,与经同样限制酶酶切的pPIC9K载体连接而成表达载体pPIC9K-Odo A.PCR扩增、酶切及测序检测的结果表明表达载体构建成功.线性化的pPIC9K-OdoA经电击法转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115宿主菌,营养缺陷型筛选、遗传霉素抗性筛选、PCR扩增和测序检测的结果表明,表达载体pPIC9K-Odo A成功地转化并整合入酵母基因组.用甲醇对具遗传霉素G418高抗性的Odorgrin A重组酵母菌进行诱导表达,取酵母发酵液上清经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,结果初步表明,整合进酵母基因组的抗菌肽Odorgrin A基因已获得分泌表达,表达产物相对分子质量为3×103～4×103,与理论值相近.图10参17     

嗜热子囊菌光孢变种内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及部分酶学性质

嗜热子囊菌是一种嗜热真菌,可以产生具有很高工业价值的内切葡聚糖酶.本研究成功表达了嗜热子囊菌内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ基凶,并获得热稳定的重组内切葡聚糖酶.提取嗜热子囊菌光孢变种(Thermoascus aurantiacus var.levisporus)总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法克隆出内切-β-葡聚糖酶eg1基因的成熟肽编码序列.采用基因重组的方法构建该基因的巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-eg1,经线性化后采用电穿孔法将其导入毕赤酵母GS115中,大量筛选后获得高效表达内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ的毕赤酵母工程菌株GpN24.该菌株采用甲醇诱导120 h后,内切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ的活力可达570.7 U/mL,最适温度为55℃,在90℃的条件下保温30 min后仍具有60%的酶活力;最适pH为5.0,在pH 3.0～5.0的条件下酶活力保持稳定.图6表2参16     

麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶基因在巴斯德酵母中的表达及遗传稳定性

海藻糖是一种具有很多功能的非还原性二糖,在生物制品和食品等行业中具有较广泛的用途.对来自芝田硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus shibatae)B12海藻糖酶转化过程中的关键酶基因--麦芽寡糖基海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)基因进行了遗传密码子的人工改造,合成酵母偏爱密码子和修改基因遗传密码子中的A/T含量,然后将完整的MTHase基因克隆到酵母表达载体pPICZαA,筛选出重组载体并将其导入巴斯德酵母(Pichia pastoris)细胞进行重组表达以用于海藻糖的酶转化.最后获得了一株高效稳定表达MTHase的酵母菌株,分泌到表达培养基上清中的MTHase的酶活大于800U/mg(蛋白质),该重组菌株遗传稳定率达84%以上,为工业化酶法生产海藻糖奠定了一定基础.     

嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌过氧化氢酶基因perA在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

利用PCR技术得到嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusstearothermophilus)过氧化氢酶基因 perA ,将该基因与表达载体 pKK2 2 3 3连接构建重组质粒pK perA ,转化大肠杆菌过氧化氢酶HPⅠ和HPⅡ双缺突变株UM 2 ,得到重组大肠杆菌UM 2 1.酶活测定结果表明 ,表达产物具有正常的生物学活性 .SDS PAGE电泳结果显示出明显的特异性表达条带 ,单体Mr =86× 10 3 ,与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌所产酶相同 .实验表明 ,重组质粒在宿主UM 2中有较好的稳定性 ,在无选择压力条件下传代 6 0次基本保持稳定 ,传代 10 0次重组质粒保留 80 %以上 .摇瓶实验确定重组菌的最佳表达条件为 :IPTG浓度 ,0 .75mmol/L ;诱导时间 3h ;培养基起始 pH 6 .5 ;诱导温度 37℃ ;装液量 5 0mL/ 2 5 0mL .在优化条件下 ,重组菌产生的过氧化氢酶占菌体总蛋白的 8% ,酶活力可达 35U/mL ,是原始菌株BacillusstearothermophilusIAM110 0 1的 11.7倍 .图 2表 1参 10     

植物乳杆菌BBE7的胆盐水解酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

由于用大肠杆菌对植物乳杆菌来源的bsh基因进行胞内和胞外表达时,它们很容易形成包涵体,而且大肠杆菌的内毒素会显限制BSH的应用,所以利用毕赤酵母这一高效的表达系统对其进行了分泌表达.首先用融合PCR的方法将信号肽α-factor与BSH连接,然后再克隆到质粒pPIC9K上,得到重组质粒pPIC9K-α-factor-BSH.重组质粒经过SalⅠ线性化后转化至毕赤酵母GS115.表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析和酶活测定发现,重组BSH的相对分子质量(Mr)和胞外酶活分别为37.0×103和1.08 U mL-1.通过正交实验[L9(34)]对发酵条件优化后,胞外总酶活达到2.69 U mL-1,比原来提高了1.49倍.研究为胆盐水解酶的分离纯化、酶学性质研究以及大规模生产奠定了一定的基础.     

稳定代谢葡萄糖和木糖产乙醇的重组酿酒酵母工程菌初步构建

分别克隆了休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)的木糖还原酶基因XYL1和热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)的木糖醇脱氢酶基因XYL2,构建出重组表达质粒pACT2-xy11和pDR195-xy12,并使其分别转化酿酒酵母受体细胞.酶活测定结果显示,转化子中木糖还原酶和木糖醇脱氢酶均在宿主菌中得到活性表达.并将这两个基因连同各自重组表达质粒上的表达元件进行了克隆,进而构建出重组酵母染色体整合质粒YIp5.kanR-x12,以期今后通过同源重组的原理将上述基因整合到发酵性能良好的酿酒酵母基因组中,得到稳定代谢葡萄糖和木糖产乙醇的重组酵母菌株.图3表1参15     

大鼠血红素加氧酶-1基因在乳酸乳球菌中的克隆与表达

采用RTPCR技术从大鼠脾总RNA中分离扩增HO1基因,将该基因克隆进pGEMTeasy质粒中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,提取质粒,分析基因,酶切后与含有乳酸乳球菌启动子NisA的pSEC质粒连接,经电击转化,将重组质粒转入乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中,转化子在含有氯霉素的脑心浸液培养基上培养.用Nisin诱导HO1表达,SDSPAGE和Westernblot分析、鉴定表达产物,并且用分光光度法测定工程菌表达的HO1活性为0.45nmolmg(protein)-1h-1.图5参18     

黑曲霉耐热木聚糖酶XYNB在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

高比活木聚糖酶的高效表达是进一步提高木聚糖酶发酵效价、降低生产成本的有效途径.将黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因XynB(不含信号肽)克隆到分泌型表达载体pPIC9K上,线性化后电击转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115,G418和PCR鉴定的阳性转化子经0.5%甲醇、在28℃诱导表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明,该蛋白相对分子质量为20×103左右.优化的诱导表达条件为,每隔12 h添加0.5%的甲醇,发酵5 d后,比活达4 757 U/mg;其最适温度为55℃,最适pH为5.0,80℃处理30min后仍有74%的残余酶活.     

中国虎纹捕鸟蛛神经毒素肽基因的克隆及在酵母中的表达

从中国珍稀毒蜘蛛种虎纹捕鸟蛛的粗毒中分离纯化的虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素-Ⅰ(HWTX-Ⅰ)是含33个氨基酸的多肽.有关实验已证实,HWTX-Ⅰ是一种作用于突触前膜的神经毒素和高阈值钙通道抑制剂,在电刺激时HWTX-Ⅰ也影响交感神经释放肾上腺素和迷走神经释放乙酰胆碱,这些结果表明,HWTX-Ⅰ具有潜在的镇痛活性.本文报道通过RT-PCR方法克隆、测定了HWTX-Ⅰ的cDNA序列.在此基础上,以pPIC9K为表达载体和GS115为宿主,筛选His Muts克隆,以甲醇为诱导剂,成功地构建并在毕赤酵母系统分泌表达HWTX-Ⅰ基因.进一步分析HWTX-Ⅰ表达产物,生物活性实验观察到酵母表达体系所获得的HWTX-Ⅰ产物具有与天然HWTX-Ⅰ相似的生理活性.图4参10     

大肠杆菌植酸酶在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化

为探讨植酸酶的结构与功能,研究了来源于大肠杆菌的植酸酶基因在酵母中的表达和纯化条件.将含有大肠杆菌植酸酶基因的毕赤酵母工程菌在不同甲醇浓度和不同诱导时间下培养,检测植酸酶的表达情况.结果表明:诱导培养基中一次性添加2.5%的甲醇,诱导96 h后,蛋白浓度达到1.36 mg mL-1,酶活力达到6 530 U mL-1;将在毕赤酵母中表达的植酸酶粗酶液经过硫酸铵盐析、Resource S柱和Superdex-75三步纯化,得到单峰纯的蛋白,比活力为137 280 Umg-1.用圆二色谱分析纯化后的蛋白在pH 5.0和8.0环境中的结构变化,结果显示pH 8.0环境使大肠杆菌植酸酶发生了变性.图3参16     

Antimicrobial activity of extracts of Caribbean gorgonian corals

Extracts of 39 species of Caribbean gorgonians were tested for antimicrobial activity against 15 strains of marine bacteria. The bacteria consisted of three opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Leucothrix mucor, and Aerococcus viridans, and 12 strains isolated from either healthy or decayed gorgonians. Overall, only 15% (79 out of 544) of the tests resulted in antibacterial activity with 33% (13 out of 39) of the gorgonians inhibiting only one bacterial strain and 23% (9 out of 39) showing no activity. The extracts of four Pseudopterogorgia species showed relatively high levels of activity, inhibiting 43 to 86% of the bacterial strains. The potency of the active Pseudopterogorgia species was variable, however, and three additional Pseudopterogorgia species were inactive against all bacterial strains. With the exception of one sensitive strain, Vibrio species were resistant to gorgonian metabolites. Our results indicate that organic extracts of most Caribbean gorgonians do not possess potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity inhibitory to the growth of opportunistic marine pathogens and bacteria associated with healthy and decayed gorgonian surfaces. These findings suggest that the inhibition of bacterial growth is not the primary ecological function of gorgonian secondary metabolites and that bacteria may not be important selective agents in the evolution of gorgonian secondary chemistry.     

Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies

● All 1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. ● Presence of a hydroxyl group on aromatic B-ring of juglone was crucial for activity. ● Juglone can cause DNA damage by producing ROS and downregulation of RecA. ● Juglone has the potential to become a disinfectant. The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Under the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 0.125 μmol/L for juglone (1a), 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1f), and 7-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3c), a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed. All 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives exhibited a strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 15.625 and 500 μmol/L and EC₅₀ values ranging between 10.56 and 248.42 μmol/L. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Among these compounds, juglone (1a) showed the strongest antibacterial activity. The results from mechanistic investigations indicated that juglone, a natural naphthoquinone, caused cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species production in bacterial cells, leading to DNA damage. In addition, juglone could reduce the self-repair ability of bacterial DNA by inhibiting RecA expression. In addition to having a potent antibacterial activity, juglone exhibited low cytotoxicity in cell-based investigations. In conclusion, juglone is a strong antibacterial agent with low toxicity, indicating that its application as a bactericidal agent may be associated with low health risks and aquatic toxicity.     

桦木内生真菌的分离与代谢产物的抑菌活性

通过琼脂块法和滤纸片法,对白桦Betula platyphylla、棘皮桦B.dahurica、硕桦B.costata和柴桦B.fruticosa）的内生真菌产生抑菌物质的特性进行研究,结果表明分离自白桦3年生枝条的内生真菌拟茎点霉Phomopsis sp.BP103381表现出较强的抑菌物质形成能力。采用正交设计优化了BP103381的培养条件,在含有40 g/L蔗糖、3 g/L NaNO3、1 g/LMgSO4的改良查氏液体培养基中,在pH值6.5、28℃条件下发酵培养9 d,有利于抑菌活性物质的形成。BP103381产生的抑菌活性物质具有较好的温度稳定性,但是酸碱变化对抑菌物质的活性影响较大,BP103381产生的抑菌物质在pH为5.0~7.0时活性较强。     

In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of seaweed extracts against acne inducing bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes

This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of common seaweeds from the coast of South Korea against the etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Fifty-seven species of seaweed were screened for potential antimicrobial activity. Methanol extracts of 13 species (22.8%) showed inhibitory effects against Propionibacterium acnes. The aqueous extracts of only two species (3.5%) showed antimicrobial activity. When tested with the agar disk diffusion method, Ecklonia cava, E. kurome, Ishige sinicola, and Symphyocladia latiuscula had the strongest inhibitory effects. However, these four seaweed extracts showed no antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis at 5 mg disk-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of E. cava and E. kurome were both 0.31 mg ml-1 and the MIC values of l. sinicola and S. latiuscula were 0.26 and 0.21 mg ml-1, respectively. Among whole plants of E. cava and E. kurome, extracts of the pinnate blade had the highest inhibitory activity on bacterial growth. In cytotoxicity assays, methanol extracts of E. cava, E. kurome, and I. sinicola showed no effect on cell viability at concentrations of 200 microg ml-1. However, the methanol extracts of S. latiuscula reduced cell viability rates to 50% at the same concentration. Additionally, methanol extracts of E. cava, E. kurome, and I. sinicola potently inhibited the in vitro production of nitric oxide. These results suggest that the methanol extracts from these three species may be useful in the development of therapeutic agents for acne vulgaris. Further investigations to determine the bioactive compound are in progress.     

荧光假单胞菌高效广谱载体的构建及分析

为促进高GC含量基因在荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)中表达效果更加理想、操作更加简便,本研究首先采用不依赖基因序列和连接反应的克隆(Sequence and ligation independent cloning,SLIC)方法将载体pCIBhis上与复制相关的序列和标记基因片段构建成克隆载体pCIBS1.然后优化荧光假单胞菌转化方法,用电转化法将pCIBS1导入荧光假单胞菌BL915中,随后又将T7和tac基因启动子分别插入pCIBS1中,成功构建了表达载体pCIBS3和pCIBS2.研究发现载体pCIBS1在大肠杆菌和荧光假单胞菌中均较为稳定,并且将绿色荧光蛋白基因插入表达载体中,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得表达,验证了表达载体功能.本研究构建的表达载体和建立的荧光假单胞菌BL915电转化方法,为高GC含量基因在荧光假单胞菌中的表达奠定了基础.     

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and synergistic/antagonistic effect of interactions between antibiotics and some spice essential oils

Spices and herbs have been used for many years by different cultures. The aim of the present study is (1) to investigate in-vitro antimicrobial effects of different spices and herbs (5 species: Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. Brachycalyx P.H. Davis (White micromeria), Cumium cyminum (cumin), Mentha piperita (Peppermint) against different bacteria and fungi species, and (2) to discuss the in-vitro possible effects between the plants and antibiotics. The microorganisms used were Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Bacillus megaterium NRS, Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 15753, Pseudomonas pyocyaneus DC 127, Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067, Escherichia coil DM, Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 7966, Yersinia enterocolitica AU 19, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Streptococcus faecalis DC 74 bacteria, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae WET 136, Kluvyeromyces fragilis DC 98 fungi in this study. The results indicated that essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis, Coriandrum sativum L., Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. brachycalyx P.H. Davis, Cumium cyminum L., Mentha piperita L. were shown antimicrobial activity in the range of 7-60 mm 2 microl(-1) inhibition zone to the microorganisms tested, using disc diffusion method. Standard antibiotic such as Gentamicin (10 microg), Cephalothin (30 microg), Ceftriaxone (10 microg), Nystatin (10 U) discs were used for comparison with the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of these plants. In addition, antibacterial activity of essential oils of these plants was researched by effects when it was used together with these standard antibiotics in vitro. However, antibacterial activity changed also by in vitro interactions between these standard antibiotics and essential oils of these plants. Synergic, additive or antagonist effects were observed in antibacterial activity.