Blast wave clearing behavior for positive and negative phases

The purpose of the research was to improve prediction of response of buildings to blast waves by including the negative phase and considering clearing of both positive and negative phases. Commonly used structural design practices, which trace their origins to military design manuals, often ignore the negative phase as well as positive phase clearing. For high explosive threats, this approach is conservative in most circumstances. However, negative phase clearing had not previously been studied for blast waves, and the implications for structural response had not been evaluated. This paper presents results of modeling negative phase blast clearing behavior for a typical blast wave and discusses the differences from positive phase clearing. The implications of including positive and negative phase clearing in building blast damage analysis are also investigated through single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analyses.Blast waves from explosion sources like a vapor cloud explosion (VCE), pressure vessel burst or high explosive exhibit both positive and negative phases, and the relative magnitude of the positive and negative phases varies among explosion sources and the specific circumstances of each source. A fully reflected blast wave is produced if an incident blast wave were to strike an infinitely tall and wide wall in a normal orientation. Both the positive and negative phases of the blast wave are enhanced by the reflection process. However, when an incident blast wave strikes a wall of finite size in a normal orientation, rarefaction waves are created at the edges of the wall, and the rarefactions sweep down from the roof and inward from sides. The rarefaction waves result in a clearing effect for both the positive and negative phases.Clearing relieves some of the applied blast load on the reflected wall for the positive phase. However, this is not always the case for the negative phase. As shown by the results presented in this paper, clearing may either relieve or enhance the applied negative phase blast load, depending on the duration of the blast wave and the wall dimensions.The impact of negative phase clearing on structural response for generic building components was also investigated. Nonlinear SDOF methods were used to characterize response in terms of peak positive and negative displacements. It was found that the influence of the negative phase is significant and the peak structural response can occur during negative (outward) displacement.     

高速公路安全水平仿真分析

为深入研究高速公路安全系统,用系统动力学(SD)方法分析驾驶员、车辆、道路、应急救援等组成要素以及环境、管理等影响因素之间的关系,建立高速公路安全系统因果关系模型和存量流量模型。用层次分析法(AHP)确定各影响因素的权重。以三福高速公路为例,用Vensim软件模拟高速公路运营期间系统安全的变化情况。结果表明,在该高速公路运营期间,系统安全与车辆安全度呈先上升后下降的趋势、道路安全度呈下降趋势、驾驶员安全度与应急救援能力呈上升趋势。通过与实际数据对比,验证了模型的有效性。     

Application of CFD on the sensitivity analyses of some parameters of the modified Hartmann tube

The aim of this work is to determine the influence of operating parameters such as the dispersion pressure, the ignition delay and height on the dust flammability. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation, based on an Euler–Lagrange approach, was developed with Ansys Fluent™ and validated experimentally. Such analysis will facilitate the choice of the most conservative conditions for a flammability test. This paper is focused on a case study performed on wheat starch with the modified Hartmann tube. The dispersion process of the powder was studied with granulometric analyses performed in situ and high speed videos. Tests were performed with injections at gas pressure ranging from 3 to 6 bars and the evolution of the particle size distribution (PSD) was recorded at different ignition heights (5, 10 and 15 cm over the dispersion nozzle). The observations highlighted the presence of agglomeration/deagglomeration processes and dust segregation. Besides, a CFD simulation analysis was aimed at evaluating the impact of a set of parameters on the PSD and the local turbulence, which are closely linked to some flammability parameters. For this computational analysis, the CFD simulation was coupled with a collision treatment based on a Discrete Element Method (DEM) in order to consider the cohesive behavior of the combustible dust. Thus the results suggest performing the injection of the gases at approximately 5 bars for the flammability tests of wheat starch in order to obtain the finest PSD at a given ignition height. It is also shown that the finest PSD are obtained at 5 cm over the dispersion nozzle. However, the local instabilities and turbulence levels are so high during the first stages of the dispersion that the flame growth can be disturbed for short ignition delays. Moreover, the stabilization of the bulk of the dust cloud requires longer periods of time when the ignition sources are located at 15 cm. As a result, the recommended height to perform a flammability test is 10 cm in this case. Finally, this study proposes some tools that might improve the procedure of dust flammability testing.     

HNO_3在气相及SiO_2表面的紫外光解反应

利用紫外及红外吸收光谱等分析手段对365 nm光照下HNO3在气相与SiO2表面的光解反应进行了研究.考察了HNO3浓度、光照时间、相对湿度等条件对反应的影响.结果表明:随着HNO3浓度及光照时间的增加,光解产生的NO2和NO浓度均呈指数增加;无水汽情况下,400 Pa的HNO3光解45 min后,产生NO2及NO浓度比气相光解产生的分别高约3及1.7倍.HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随相对湿度的增加而呈线性增加,在SiO2颗粒物表面光解产生的NO2浓度随着相对湿度的增加而减少,而NO浓度则随之增大.400 Pa的HNO3光照45 min后,SiO2表面光解产生的HONO浓度是气相光解的3倍、SiO2表面暗反应的约30倍.     

Environmental policy and macroeconomic dynamics in a new Keynesian model

This paper studies the dynamic behavior of an economy under different environmental policy regimes in a New Keynesian model with nominal and real uncertainty. We find the following results: (i) an emissions cap policy is likely to dampen macroeconomic fluctuations; (ii) staggered price adjustment alters significantly the performance of the environmental policy regime put in place; (iii) the optimal environmental policy response to shocks is strongly influenced by the degree to which prices adjust and by the monetary policy reaction.     

氧氟沙星敏化光解磺胺甲恶唑

抗生素是环境中广泛存在的一类新兴污染物,因其可诱导细菌抗药性及产生抗性基因而备受关注.本研究发现氟喹诺酮类抗生素具有的光化学活性,可能影响共存的磺胺类抗生素（SAs）的转化.系统考察了一种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素—氧氟沙星（OFLO）对磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的光化学转化.结果表明,在365 nm紫外光照条件下,OFLO可以有效敏化光解SMX.激发三重态（³OFLO^*）是促进SMX光解的主要活性物质.密度泛函理论（DFT）计算结合高分辨率质谱（HRMS）分析表明,³OFLO^*将SMX分子中的氨基氮氧化成一个自由基阳离子（R-NH₂^?+）.该自由基阳离子可水解生成羟胺衍生物,并进一步氧化生成亚硝化和硝化产物.此外,它们也可以二聚生成偶氮产物.光反应过程中,敏化剂OFLO也发生了降解.但OFLO的光解产物均保留了核心喹诺酮结构,因此也保留了OFLO分子的光敏活性.该研究有助于进一步了解抗生素复合污染情况下的环境行为,具有重要的环境意义.     

仿生腿式地形自适应起落架构型与动力学分析

针对垂直起降飞行器在复杂地形环境下实现平稳着陆的难题,利用仿生学设计理念,以无人直升机为对象,设计了一种基于多连杆机构设计的仿生腿式起落架系统。通过对腿部机构进行运动学分析和动力学分析,建立相关模型,在此基础上,进行仿生腿式起落架的运动控制。首先,从无人直升机的着陆稳定性和承载能力出发,对仿生腿式起落架机械构型进行分析,并介绍了腿部各部分结构。然后,针对仿生腿腿部结构,通过几何法完成对腿部正运动学和逆运动学的求解,建立足端位置与驱动关节角度之间的映射关系。最后,基于运动学模型及四连杆运动学特性,对机体和单腿进行了动力学分析,并建模。通过建立的运动学和动力学模型,结合设计的起落架结构,完成动力学仿真,实现了仿生腿式起落架在复杂地形环境下的平稳着陆,验证了结构的合理性和模型的准确性。     

叠氮增塑剂/硝化棉共混物的分子动力学模拟

目的 揭示叠氮增塑剂与硝化棉的相互作用机理,探索叠氮类增塑剂结构与性能间的关系,筛选能量性能和稳定性均较好的叠氮化合物。方法 建立硝化棉(NC)、1,3–二(叠氮乙酰氧基)–2–甲基–2–硝基丙烷(DAMNP)、1,3–双(叠氮乙酰氧基)–2–乙基–2–硝基丙烷(ENPEA)和1,8–二叠氮基–3,6–氧杂辛烷(AZTEGDN)纯物质模型以及NC/DAMNP、NC/ENPEA、NC/AZTEGDN共混物体系的微观分子模型,利用分子动力学模拟(MD)方法,对叠氮增塑剂/硝化棉的微观性质进行预测。分析共混体系的溶度参数、MSD值、结合能、径向分布函数、力学性能和玻璃化转变温度等性能。结果 DAMNP、ENPEA、AZTEGDN与NC之间的溶度参数差值较小。ENPEA与NC的结合能最大,DAMNP次之,AZTEGDN最小。3种增塑剂与NC的相互作用主要为vdW相互作用。加入增塑剂分子可以改善NC的运动能力,由于AZTEGDN的分子结构体积小,改善效果明显。径向分布函数分析结果进一步证明,NC与增塑剂分子间存在较强的氢键作用。结论 添加叠氮增塑剂可以改善NC的运动能力、力学性能,降低NC的玻璃化转变温度,起到了良好的增塑效果。     

System dynamics model for analyzing effects of eco-design policy on packaging waste management system

EU's long-term objective is to become a recycling and resource effective society, where waste is utilized as a resource and waste generation is prevented. A system dynamics model was developed to analyze the policy mechanisms that promote packaging material efficiency in products through increased recycling rates. The model includes economic incentives such as packaging and landfill taxes combined with market mechanisms, behavioral aspects and ecological considerations in terms of material efficiency (the packaging material per product unit, recycled fraction in products). The paper presents the results of application of various policy instruments for increasing packaging material efficiency and recovery rate and reducing landfilled fraction. The results show that a packaging tax is an effective policy instrument for increasing the material efficiency. It ensures the decrease of the total consumption of materials and subsequent waste generation. The tax helps to counteract a rebound effect, which, as identified by the analysis, can be caused by reduced material costs due to eco-design. The model is applied to the case of Latvia. Yet, the elements and structure of the model developed are similar to waste management systems in many countries. By changing numeric values of certain parameters, the model can be applied to analyze policy mechanisms in other countries.     

System Dynamics to Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer Under Water Supply Uncertainty1

Abstract: Water supply uncertainty continues to threaten the reliability of regional water resources in the western United States. Climate variability and water dispute potentials induce water managers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts. The Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in the state of Idaho is also facing these challenges in the sense that population growth and economic development strongly depend on reliable water resources from underground storage. Drought and subsequent water conflict often drive scientific research and political agendas because water resources availability and aquifer management for a sustainable rural economy are of great interest. In this study, a system dynamics approach is applied to address dynamically complex problems with management of the aquifer and associated surface‐water and groundwater interactions. Recharge and discharge dynamics within the aquifer system are coded in an environmental modeling framework to identify long‐term behavior of aquifer responses to uncertain future hydrological variability. The research shows that the system dynamics approach is a promising modeling tool to develop sustainable water resources planning and management in a collaborative decision‐making framework and also to provide useful insights and alternative opportunities for operational management, policy support, and participatory strategic planning to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts in human dimensions.