O3/H2O2氧化苯乙烯气体性能及机制

O3/H2O2体系能产生大量自由基,臭氧与自由基的耦合氧化作用能提高苯乙烯的氧化去除效率.采用O3/H2O2氧化高浓度苯乙烯有机废气,研究了臭氧投加量、停留时间、H2O2体积分数、循环液喷淋密度和O3/C8H8摩尔比对苯乙烯去除率的影响.结果表明,O3/H2O2气液两相氧化能高效净化苯乙烯有机废气,苯乙烯去除率可达85.7%.适宜运行条件:停留时间为20.6 s,H2O2体积分数为10%,喷淋密度为1.72 m3·(m2·h)-1,O3/C8H8摩尔比为0.46.采用GC-MS分析O3/H2O2气液两相高级氧化苯乙烯出口气样,研究结果表明苯甲醛(C6H5CHO)和苯甲酸(C6H5COOH)为O3/H2O2氧化苯乙烯的中间产物,并推测出苯乙烯的降解机制.     

不同方法制备Co3O4催化剂CO-SCR性能及机制

氮氧化物(NOx)是造成细颗粒物、近地面臭氧等大气污染问题的重要前体物.随着大气污染治理行动的深入,对工业锅炉/窑炉烟气排放的NOx进行控制十分重要.采用不同方法制备了一系列Co_3O_4催化剂,考察了不同制备方法对CO选择性催化还原NO(CO-SCR)反应活性的影响,通过BET、XRD、Raman、HR-TEM和SEM等技术对该系列催化剂进行了表征.活性测试表明,以硫酸钴为前驱体用固态研磨法制备的Co_3O_4-S催化剂具有更优异的CO-SCR反应活性,且表现出较好的抗水蒸气性能,以醋酸钴为前驱体用固态研磨法制备的Co_3O_4-C催化剂显示出较好的抗水性能. NO氧化结果显示,催化剂的NO氧化效果越好,CO-SCR活性也越好. Raman表征结果显示,Co_3O_4-S表面可能含有更多的Co2+离子,从而有利于形成氧空位. H2-TPR结果表明,Co_3O_4-S催化剂的氧化还原性较好. HR-TEM表征发现Co_3O_4-S和Co_3O_4-O主要暴露(111)和(220)晶面,而更多(220)晶面的暴露可能更有利于反应的进行.     

富氧条件下SnO2/Al2O3催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NOx的研究

考察了分别用浸渍法、共沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂上丙烯选择性还原NO_x的催化活性,发现制备方法与Sn的负载量对其活性有重要影响.溶胶-凝胶法制备的SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂活性最高,Sn的最佳负载量为5%.与浸渍法和共沉淀法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂相比,溶胶-凝胶法制备的5%SnO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂受水蒸汽的抑制作用较弱,并且在水和SO₂共存的条件下活性最高.此外,反应气中丙烯及氧气浓度的增加有利于NO_x转化率的提高.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂中毒机理的试验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂是SCR烟气脱硝技术的核心,是整个SCR系统脱硝效率和经济性的决定因素.本文工作的主要研究思路是以钒钛SCR催化剂为研究对象,研究了H2O和SO2,以及相同含量下K、Na、Ca、Pb的氧化物对钒钛催化剂NO转化率的影响.H2O的存在会抑制V2O5/TiO2催化剂脱硝活性,而SO2在一定程度上促进(V2O5/TiO2)催化剂的SCR脱硝反应,提高NO转化率;碱金属K对钒钛催化剂的钝化作用都是最强,K2O和Na2O的掺入会抑制钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力,而CaO和PbO的掺入对钒钛催化剂上V2O5的还原能力影响较小.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

基于电化学传感器的大气NO2与O3监测研究

利用四电极电化学传感器开展大气NO₂和O₃监测研究.为解决温度和湿度对传感器响应的影响问题,提出了一种具有温湿度补偿与零点校正功能的大气NO₂和O₃测量结果校准模型,通过活性炭吸附特性获得干净的背景气体,实现传感器准确的零点校正,并利用实验系统实测数据结合多元线性回归方法获得校准模型参数.首先对传感器线性响应特性进行了测试,发现O₂和O₃的测量灵敏度分别为3.889 ppbv·mV^-1和4.107 ppbv·mV^-1.同时,在合肥西郊科学岛开展了为期2 d的大气NO₂和O₃连续观测,发现两者的浓度分别为0~30 ppbv和2~100 ppbv.最后将传感器观测结果与NO_x/O₃分析仪测量结果进行了回归分析,发现两者测得的NO₂线性拟合斜率为0.9701±0.0182,R²为0.8378,测得的O₃线性拟合斜率为0.9850±0.0101,R²为0.9431.研究表明,校准后的电化学传感器可用于大气NO₂和O₃的长期监测,可为推动大气环境监测技术发展提供新的思路.     

Experimental study of NO2 reduction in N2/Ar and O2/Ar mixtures by pulsed corona discharge

Non-thermal plasma technology has been regarded as a promising alternative technology for NOx removal. The understanding of NO2 reduction characteristics is extremely important since NO2 reduction could lower the total NO oxidation rate in the plasma atmosphere. In this study, NO2 reduction was experimentally investigated using a non-thermal plasma reactor driven by a pulsed power supply for different simulated gas compositions and operating parameters. The NO2 reduction was promoted by increasing the specific energy density （SED）, and the highest conversion rates were 33.7%, 42.1% and 25.7% for Ar, N2/Ar and O2/Ar, respectively. For a given SED, the NO2 conversion rate had the order N2/Ar 〉 Ar 〉 02/Ar. The highest energy yield of 3.31 g/kWh was obtained in N2/Ar plasma and decreased with increasing SED; the same trends were also found in the other two gas compositions. The conversion rate decreased with increasing initial NO2 concentration. Furthermore, the presence of N2 or O2 led to different reaction pathways for NO2 conversion due to the formation of different dominating reactive radicals.     

稻田气溶胶NH3和气体NOx排放在线测定研究

气溶胶NH3和气体NOx是大气颗粒物和降水的主要成分,是形成气溶胶的关键物种.田间集约化氮肥施用是气溶胶NH3和气体NOx的一个重要来源,目前该领域的研究鲜有报道.2010年5月～2010年10月,在线监测了稻田施用尿素后气溶胶NH3和气体NOx的排放情况.监测系统的时间分辨率设置为1 h.在4次稻田施肥试验中,施肥后对气溶胶NH3排放和相应的气象因子连续采样20 d.在第4次施肥试验中,施肥后连续采样47 d,进而研究气体NOx的排放规律及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明,气溶胶NH3的排放因子分别为2.6%、5.5%、4.0%和1.6%,相应的排放通量分别为3.97、2.08、1.52和1.22 kg·hm-2.温度(空气温度和土壤温度)是影响稻田施肥气溶胶NH3排放的主要因子,而空气湿度和土壤水分对其排放的影响却不明确.通过分析监测数据可知,稻田施肥后NO2-N排放量与NO-N排放量的比值为9/4,气体NOx的排放因子和排放通量分别为0.14%和0.30 kg·hm-2.气象因子与气体NOx排放通量的关系也进行了初步探讨.     

次氯酸钠湿法烟气脱硝及同时脱硫脱硝技术研究

采用NaClO作氧化吸收剂,在鼓泡反应装置进行了湿法烟气脱硝实验研究,考察了NaIO、NO浓度、液相温度、气体流量、pH对脱硝效率的影响以及SO2对同时脱硫脱硝效率的影响,并结合液相产物分析探讨了同时脱硫脱硝反应机理.研究结果表明,pH值是影响活性成分HClO存在形式的重要因素,同时也是影响氧化吸收的关键因素;在一定范...     

Pd/CeZr/TiO2/Al2O3蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂选择催化还原NOX

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了Pd/CeZr/TiO2Al2O3蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂,并将其应用于在富氧条件下以丙烯选择催化还原NOx的研究.利用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了钛酸四丁酯的含量以及涂敷次数对TiO2涂层的影响,系统地考察了Pd含量、氧气浓度和空速对蜂窝状金属丝网催化剂催化性能的影响.实验结果表明,采用钛酸四丁酯的含量为20.0%的溶胶,涂敷2次,可以在金属丝网载体上氧化铝涂层表面获得均匀、无皲裂的TiO2涂层;Pd含量在0.23%～1.06%的范围内, NOx的转化率随Pd含量的增加而减小, Pd含量为0.23%时, NOx表现最高的NOx转化率;反应气体中氧气浓度从1.5%增加到6.0%, NOx的转化率随氧气浓度的增加而增大,当氧气浓度高于6.0%, NOx的转化率则随氧气浓度的增加而迅速减小; NOx的转化率随着空速的增加而降低,在高温条件下空速对转化率的影响要大于在低温条件下.     

大气NOx测量准确性问题分析

采用美国热电公司的NO-N02-NOx分析仪(Model 42i TL)和NOy分析仪(Model 42i NOy),在2011年1月-10月期间,对北京城市大气中的NO、NOx和NOy进行了连续在线测量.两台仪器对NO的测量结果具有较高的一致性(r＞0.998,p＜0.01),说明两台仪器测量精度基本一致.将NOy分析仪(Model 42i NOy)采样口处安装和不安装颗粒物过滤膜两种条件下测量的NOy结果与NO-NO2-NOx分析仪所测的NOx结果分别进行了相关性分析([NOy] =0.989x[NOx],R2 =0.993;[NOy] =1.134 ×[NOx],R2=0.959),得出以下两个结论:①以颗粒态硝酸盐为代表的颗粒物是造成NOx与NOy偏差的主要原因,其所占比例在10％左右;②目前Model 42i-TL所测NOx的浓度水平较真实值偏高,其测量值更接近气态NOy的浓度水平.为估算NO2测值被高估的程度(以2011年8月6日-15日观测数据为例),用扣除部分气态NOz物种(HONO、HNO3、PAN、PPN)的修正方法,推论出在夏季N02被高估约7％(R2=0.968).     

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx from exhaust of lean-burn engine over Ag-Al2O3/cordierite catalyst

A highly effective Ag-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared using the in-situ sol-gel method, and characterized by surface area using nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The catalyst performance was tested on a real lean-burn gasoline engine. Only unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust were directly used as reductant (without any external reductant), the maximum NO _x conversion could only reach 40% at 450°C. When an external reductant, ethanol was added, the average NO _x conversion was greater than 60%. At exhaust gas temperature range of 350–500°C, the maximum NO _x conversion reached about 90%. CO and HC could be efficiently oxidized with Pt-Al₂O₃ oxidation catalyst placed at the end of SCR converter. However, NO _x conversion drastically decreased because of the oxidation of some intermediates to NO _x again. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed as two typical processes, nitration, and reduction in HC-SCR over Ag-Al₂O₃.     

2020年和2021年南京城区臭氧生成敏感性和VOCs来源变化分析

PM_2.5和臭氧(O₃)协同防控是“十四五”期间空气质量提升的重点.O₃生成与其前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NO_x)呈高度非线性关系.基于南京市城区站点2020年和2021年的4～9月O₃、 VOCs和NO_x的连续在线监测数据,比较了两年间O₃及其前体物浓度的变化,进一步利用基于观测的盒子模型(OBM)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型分析了O₃-VOCs-NO_x敏感性和VOCs来源.结果表明,2021年的4～9月O₃日最大浓度、 VOCs和NO_x浓度的平均值相较于2020年同期约下降7%(P=0.031)、 17.6%(P<0.001)和14.0%(P=0.004).2020年和2021年的O₃超标天NO_x和人为源VOCs的平均相对增量反应活性(RIR)分别为0.17和0.14, 0....     

基于总过氧自由基观测研究合肥市西郊夏季O3生成特征

2020年8月利用化学放大法对合肥市西郊大气总过氧自由基RO^*₂·(RO₂·+HO₂·)体积分数进行监测,并结合O₃和其前体物,分析了过氧自由基体积分数、O₃生成速率和O₃生成对前体物的敏感性.结果表明,观测期间总过氧自由基体积分数的日均值呈典型的单峰型变化,12:00左右出现最高值,日间峰值体积分数为43.8×10^-12,日间RO^*₂·与太阳辐射强度、温度和O₃呈明显的相关性.利用实测RO^*₂·和NO,获得合肥市西郊夏季O₃生成速率,日间峰值为10.6×10^-9h^-1,O₃生成速率对NO变化更为敏感.基于大气自由基和NO_x(NO+NO₂)反应去除速率占比(Ln/Q),对合肥...     

北京大气中NO、NO2和O3浓度变化的相关性分析

臭氧（O₃）是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO₂)关系密切.采用49C臭氧分析仪和42CTL氮氧化物分析仪对北京城区O₃和NO_x浓度进行了连续观测,时间为2004-08～2005-07.结果显示,O₃和OX（O₃+NO₂）浓度在午后15:00左右出现峰值,NO_x呈双峰态日变化,在07:00和23:00左右出现峰值.不同季节污染物的浓度变化存在差异,O₃和NO_x浓度分别在夏季和冬季达到最大.NO_x浓度存在100×10^-9(体积分数)的“分界点”,NO_x低浓度时以NO₂为主,NO_x高浓度时NO占大部分.OX区域贡献和局地贡献存在明显的季节变化,前者主要受区域背景O₃的影响,在春季最大,后者主要受局地NO_x光化学反应的制约,在夏季最强,同时OX组分呈现显著的昼夜差异.     

关中盆地NO2和SO2对颗粒物污染的协同效应

基于WRF-Chem模式模拟了关中盆地2019年1月2—14日一次颗粒物污染事件,评估了NO_x和SO₂减排及其在颗粒物污染中的协同作用对PM_2.5污染的影响。敏感性实验结果表明：NO_x减排可使PM_2.5中硝酸盐含量下降,但大气中O₃浓度上升,大气氧化能力增强,其他二次组分上升,导致PM_2.5下降不明显;SO₂人为源减排可使硫酸盐质量浓度下降,但由于硫酸盐在PM_2.5中占比较低,当SO₂减排75%时,PM_2.5仅下降1.74%;当减排比例较高时,NO_x和SO₂同时减排更有利于颗粒物污染防治。PM_2.5质量浓度在NO_x和SO₂同时减排75%时比分开减排75%时多下降0.75%,主要是硫酸盐下降所致;对气溶胶含水量进行分析,发现NO_x对气溶胶含水量影响较大,当NO_x减排75%时,气溶胶含水量可下降15.51%;此外,NO_x和SO₂同时减排比分开减排时气溶胶含水量更低,更不利于二次颗粒物生成。     

液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气中NOx的研究

分别采用Na Cl O2和Na2SO3溶液作为氧化液和吸收液,在自行设计的鼓泡塔反应系统进行了液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气NOx的研究,考察了气相SO2浓度、Na Cl O2和Na2SO3投加量以及p H值等因素对NO氧化和NOx脱除的影响.结果表明,SO2会优先于NO与氧化剂反应,从而增大氧化剂消耗量.偏酸性条件有利于NO氧化,但酸性太强会导致Na Cl O2分解为Cl O2逸出.碱性吸收液对NO几乎不具吸收脱除效果,但共存NO2能促进NO的吸收脱除.SO2对NO2吸收脱除具有促进作用.     

H2O2和NO互作调控SO2诱导的胡杨细胞死亡

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种常见的大气污染物,目前关于SO_2对木本植物的毒害作用及相关机制并不清楚.本文以木本植物胡杨的愈伤细胞为材料,研究SO_2衍生物对胡杨细胞的致死效应,以及过氧化氢(H_2O_2)与一氧化氮(NO)在SO_2诱导胡杨细胞死亡中的信号调节作用.研究发现:SO_2衍生物处理(1~5 mmol·L-1)可诱发胡杨细胞死亡,且SO_2衍生物浓度越大、处理时间越长,细胞死亡率越高.2 mmol·L-1SO_2衍生物处理胡杨细胞后,胞内H_2O_2和NO水平显著升高,且H_2O_2水平的升高先于NO.一定浓度的外源H_2O_2或NO供体SNP能够提高SO_2胁迫下胡杨细胞的死亡率;而使用H_2O_2清除剂CAT和ASA、NO清除剂c PTIO、NO合成抑制剂钨酸钠后,SO_2诱导的细胞死亡率明显降低.进一步实验发现,外源H_2O_2可以提高SO_2胁迫下胡杨细胞的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,促进胞内NO产生;而利用CAT和ASA清除H_2O_2后,细胞NR活性和NO产生均受到明显抑制.此外,SO_2胁迫下,外源SNP能够抑制抗氧化酶(CAT和APX)活性,增加胡杨细胞内的H_2O_2水平,而一定浓度的c PTIO和钨酸钠均可提高CAT和APX活性,降低胞内H_2O_2水平.结果表明:SO_2胁迫下,胡杨细胞快速产生的H_2O_2能够激活硝酸还原酶活性,促进NO生成,同时NO能够通过抑制抗氧化酶活性而提高H_2O_2水平.H_2O_2与NO互作调控SO_2诱导的胡杨细胞死亡.     

Effect of Ce doping of TiO2 support on NH3-SCR activity over V2O5-WO3/CeO2-TiO2 catalyst

CeO2–TiO2composite supports with different Ce/Ti molar ratios were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method, and V2O5–WO3/CeO2–TiO2catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction（SCR） of NOx with NH3 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were characterized by means of BET, XRD, UV–Vis,Raman and XPS techniques. The results showed that the catalytic activity of V2O5–WO3/TiO2 was greatly enhanced by Ce doping（molar ratio of Ce/Ti = 1/10） in the TiO2 support.The catalysts that were predominantly anatase TiO2 showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts that were predominantly fluorite CeO2. The Ce additive could enhance the surface adsorbed oxygen and accelerate the SCR reaction. The effects of O2 concentration, ratio of NH3/NO, space velocity and SO2 on the catalytic activity were also investigated. The presence of oxygen played an important role in NO reduction. The optimal ratio of NH3/NO was 1/1 and the catalyst had good resistance to SO2 poisoning.     

Characterization and performance of Pt/SBA-15 for low-temperature SCR of NO by C3H6

Pt supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 was investigated as a catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO by C 3 H 6 in the presence of excess oxygen.The prepared catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,BET surface area,TEM,NO-TPD,NO/C 3 H 6-TPO,NH 3-TPD,XPS and 27 Al MAS NMR.The effects of Pt loading amount,O 2 /C 3 H 6 concentration,and incorporation of Al into SBA-15 have been studied.It was found that the removal efficiency increased significantly after Pt loading,but an optimal loading amount was observed.In particular,under an atmosphere of 150 ppm NO,150 ppm C 3 H 6,and 18 vol.% O 2,0.5% Pt/SBA-15 showed remarkably high catalytic performance giving 80.1% NOx reduction and 87.04% C 3 H 6 conversion simultaneously at 140°C.The enhanced SCR activity of Pt/SBA-15 is associated with its outstanding oxidation activities of NO to NO 2 and C 3 H 6 to CO 2 in low temperature range.The research results also suggested that higher concentration of O 2 and higher concentration of C 3 H 6 favored NO removal.The incorporation of Al into SBA-15 improved catalytic performance,which could be ascribed to the enhancement of catalyst surface acidity caused by tetrahedrally coordinated AlO 4.Moreover,the catalysts could be easily reused and possessed good stability.