中国人为源颗粒物排放现状与趋势分析

利用排放因子法,基于电力、工业、民用、交通等部门的活动水平和排放因子,建立了2000年和2005年中国分省、分部门、分粒径的颗粒物（PM）排放清单.利用情景分析法,基于能源预测,分析了在不同颗粒物控制方案下2010～2030年中国颗粒物的排放趋势.结果表明,我国2005年的总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）、可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）和细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的排放量分别是29.98、15.30和9.79 Mt, 2000～2005年间的排放增长率分别是3.4%、4.7%和5.4%.在现有政策情景下,我国2030年TSP和PM_2.5的排放量分别是23.06和10.59 Mt,工业锅炉成为最大的颗粒物排放源.通过提高能源利用效率,2030年可在基准情景基础上TSP和PM_2.5分别减排15%和16%;通过增大执法力度,2015年可再减排25%的TSP和10%的PM_2.5排放,之后通过加严排放标准,推广高效除尘装置的应用,2030年TSP和PM_2.5可再减排21%和19%,其排放量分别达到13.81和6.88 Mt.颗粒物的综合控制措施应覆盖电厂、工业、民用等各个领域,从提高能效、保证执法、强化政策3个方面着手.     

辽宁省1980-2003年氮氧化物排放清单初步研究

根据能源消费历史状况和氮氧化物(NOx)排放因子,分别对辽宁省20多年(1980-2003年)来的NOx排放总量以及不同燃料类型和行业的NOx排放量进行了估算.结果表明:尽管个别年份存在一些波动,但NOx排放总量总体上仍呈增长的趋势,年均增长率为4.30%.2003年辽宁省NOx排放总量达108×104 t.NOx排放总量增长趋势与能源消费总量的增长趋势基本吻合,煤炭消耗是大气中NOx排放的主要来源,占总量的65%以上,最大排放量为2003年的10.17×104 t.绝大部分NOx排放来自能源加工转换、工业和交通运输业,三者约占总量的90%,其中电力行业占28.10%～40.85%,预计在未来一段时间内电力行业仍将是辽宁省NOx排放的主要来源;交通运输部门NOx排放所占比例逐年上升,尤其在2000年后的增长趋势更为明显.      

不同排污收费情景下的发电企业减排模型研究

考虑未来多种污染物排污收费情景及区域电力需求的固有随机特性,建立了2阶段电源规划优化模型,分析了不同排污收费情景、不同电力需求水平下的区域电力结构变化以及污染物和CO2减排策略.在同时征收SO2排污费和CO2排放费的情景(情景3)下,清洁能源发电在发电系统中的比重增加,以煤电为主的火电比重下降;系统减排CO2 8.438′106t,同时协同减排SO2 5202t、NOx 7854t、颗粒物17.42t,但系统费用会显著增加.在同时征收SO2、NOx排污费和CO2排放费的情景下,系统减排SO2 8515t、NOx 13878t、颗粒物23.52t、CO2 12.988′106t,同时系统费用也会进一步增加.在目前征收SO2排污费的基础上征收CO2排放费或同时征收NOx排放费和CO2排放费,可以提高清洁发电方式在发电系统中的比重,降低SO2、NOx和CO2的排放量.     

基于前体物多情景排放的兰州市2030年夏季臭氧预测

近年来,兰州市夏季臭氧污染问题日渐凸显,已成为影响当地环境空气质量达标的首要污染因子和制约环境空气质量持续改善的突出短板.解决臭氧污染问题需结合城市经济发展的实际情况定量评估前体物减排量并提出切实可行的减排对策,为环境管理的中长期规划提供科学依据.在2015年本地排放清单的基础上,通过情景分析法预测了兰州市2030年3种梯度城市发展与污染控制情景下臭氧的两类主要前体物氮氧化物（NO_x）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）的排放量,利用WRF-Chem模型对不同情景下的2030年夏季臭氧污染程度进行了数值模拟,分析了臭氧浓度与生成敏感性的时空变化情况,并提出了兰州市臭氧前体物的总量控制参考和针对不同行政区的减排对策建议.结果表明,3种不同的城市发展与污染控制情景下兰州市2030年NO_x排放量为4.57×10⁴～12.14×10⁴ t, VOCs排放量为5.30×10⁴～7.69×10⁴ t, NO_x排放可通过调整能源结构,加强末端治理和限制机动车...     

中国服务业能源消费CO2排放及其因素分解

基于IPCC温室气体排放清单指南中的CO₂排放因子与核算方法,估算了1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费与CO₂排放量,并对其总体变化趋势进行时间序列分析;以LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法辨识与分解3个时段(1995—2000年、2000—2005年和2005—2010年)中影响中国服务业CO₂排放量变动的关键因素及其对CO₂排放量的贡献值. 结果表明:1995—2010年中国服务业能源消费CO₂排放量增长态势明显,累计排放总量为853197.55×104t;服务业能源消费主要依赖于高碳化能源燃料,各年度油品和煤品分别占能源消费总量的67%~74%和5%~27%;LMDI分析结果显示,1995—2010年产业规模和人口效应引起CO₂排放增加量分别为133357.10×104和7691.25×104t,能源效率和能源结构引起CO₂排放减少量分别为59034.50×104和23898.60×104t. 提出CO₂减排对策:①以经济、政策和监管手段促进服务业节能减排;②依托科技创新提高能源综合利用效率,降低服务业CO₂排放量.      

上海市能源CO_2排放及节能减排的减碳效果分析

以 2005 年为基准,采用 IPCC 清单指南推荐的方法测算了上海市能源活动产生的 CO2 排放清单。并采用情景分析方法,预测了高碳情景和低碳情景下上海市能源需求及相应的二氧化碳排放趋势,探讨了节能减排等低碳政策所产生的碳削减的潜力。研究表明,2005 年上海市能源活动所排放的 CO2 总量为 1.72 亿 t,其中,能源加工转换产生的 CO2 排放量为 7740 万 t,占排放总量的 44%;工业次之,占 30%;交通运输的排放比例为 16%。煤炭和石油的消费是导致 CO2 排放的主要原因,2005 年煤炭所带来的 CO2 排放量为1.10 亿 t,油品所产生的 CO2 排放量为 0.58 亿 t,分别占到能源活动 CO2 排放总量的 64.0%和 33.7%。 2005 年上海市人均 CO2 排放量为9.68 t/人,是世界平均水平的 2.4 倍,是中国平均水平的 3.8 倍。研究表明,在低碳政策下,上海能源需求将有所控制,到 2020 年全市能源需求总量为 1.6 亿 t 标煤, 比高碳情景节约 1.4 亿 t 标煤。节能减排政策还将使得全市能源活动 CO2 排放比高碳情景显著下降,到2020 年全市 CO2 排放量为 3.26 亿 t,比高碳情景减少 3.1 亿 t,低碳政策所产生的碳减排效益十分明显。     

中国燃煤部门大气汞排放协同控制效果评估及未来预测

汞污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,我国是世界上大气汞排放量最大的国家,在批准《关于汞的水俣公约》之后,我国的汞污染控制面临严峻的挑战.燃煤部门是我国大气汞排放的第一大部门,也是履约的重点部门.本研究建立了我国燃煤部门2010年和2012年的大气汞排放清单,评估了"大气污染防治行动计划"("大气十条")对燃煤部门大气汞排放的协同控制效果.同时,使用情景分析法,对2020年和2030年燃煤部门的大气汞排放进行了预测,分析了未来不同控制措施的减排效果.结果表明,2010年中国燃煤电厂、燃煤工业锅炉和民用燃煤炉灶的大气汞排放量的最佳估计值分别为100.0、72.5和18.0 t."大气十条"的实施可使我国燃煤部门到2017年比2012年减少92.5 t的大气汞排放.能源结构的调整、洗煤比例的提高和除尘设备的升级改造对于大气汞的减排效果最显著.在最佳估计情景下,2020年和2030年燃煤部门大气汞排放量分别为128.5和80.0 t,与2010年相比分别降低了33%和58%;在最严格控制情景下,2020年和2030年燃煤部门大气汞的排放量分别为103.2和50.9 t,相较2010年分别下降了46%和73%.     

中国石化化工行业二氧化碳排放达峰路径研究

石化化工行业是高耗能高排放行业之一,约占工业部门碳排放比例的10%,研究石化化工行业碳排放达峰路径不仅能推动工业部门尽早实现达峰,同时也为石化化工行业加快绿色低碳转型指明方向. 基于中国统计年鉴、行业协会、企业碳核查等多来源数据,在分析历史排放趋势的基础上,识别能源集中度高的重点行业和产品,采用情景分析法针对石油和天然气开采业、石油煤炭及其他燃料加工业、化学原料及化学制品制造业三大子行业中的炼油、乙烯、丙烯、对二甲苯和合成氨等重点产品,预测其基准情景和控排情景下的重点产品产量和碳排放强度,以及石化化工行业2021—2035年二氧化碳排放趋势. 石化化工行业在基准情景下排放量无法实现2030年前达峰,控排情景下将于2030年达峰,峰值为17.3×108 t. 通过能源结构调整、节能和低碳技术改造、低碳循环及高效利用等途径可以实现行业减排,与BAU(仅考虑石化产品产量变化,不考虑产品结构、单位产品能耗变化)情景相比,减排贡献最大的路径是化石能源利用清洁化改造,2030年相对BAU减排1.19×108 t,贡献率约44%;其次是加大节能和低碳技术改造力度和资源循环及高效利用,减排量分别为0.8×108和0.6×108 t,减排贡献率分别达到29%和22%.      

河南省交通部门能源需求与污染物排放预测

交通部门作为河南省发展最快的部门,近年来能源消耗量与污染物排放量日益增多,因此研究河南省交通部门节能减排措施显得尤为重要。研究基于LEAP模型构建了河南省交通部门能耗与污染物排放模型,并模拟了基准情景、技术改进情景、模式优化情景及综合节能情景下河南省交通部门2014-2030年的能源需求量和污染物排放情况。结果表明:(1)2014-2030年间河南省交通部门能源消耗量处于高速增长时期,2030年会增加到44.30~75.08 Mtce之间,约为2014年的1.6~2.7倍;(2)在污染物排放方面,CO_2、NO_x、SO_2、CO、PM到2030年最多将有41.04%、37.85%、13.16%、69.37%、68.06%的减排率;(3)比较技术改进情景和模式优化情景下的模拟结果可知,技术改进措施在短期内带来的节能效果较好,而从长远角度来看,交通模式优化措施的节能效果更好;(4)综合节能情景下到2030年能源消费量为44.30 Mtce,CO_2、NO_x、SO_2、CO和PM排放量分别为8 988.03、93.76、16.98、306.09和0.75万t,能源消费量和环境排放量总量均为最少,是一个最优的情景。     

中国农业面源污染物排放量计算及中长期预测

利用第一次全国污染源普查数据,计算了我国内地31个省市自治区农业面源污染排放量,在此基础上,预测了2010—2030年农业面源污染情况.结果表明,2007年,我国农业面源污染的污染物总排放量为1057×104t,其中,COD排放量为825.9×104t,总氮为187.2×104t,总磷为21.6×104t,氨氮为22.4×104t.如果不加大对面源污染的治理力度,2020年前我国农业面源污染有加剧的趋势.在高排放情景下,2030年农业面源污染中COD排放量可能上升到1466.5×104t,面源污染需引起高度重视.目前,东部沿海地区是我国农业面源污染的主要排放区,但未来我国农业面源污染排放的空间分布可能趋于均衡.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.