中国地表臭氧浓度估算及健康影响评估

在PM_2.5浓度逐年下降的背景下,臭氧浓度不降反升,臭氧已成为中国暖季的主要污染物之一.基于大数据关联分析思路,构建并开发了极限梯度提升（XGBoost）臭氧浓度估算模型,用以估算2019年中国每日最大8 h平均臭氧浓度（O₃＿8h）,用于人类暴露评估.该模型输入地面监测站点数据、高分辨率遥感卫星数据、气象数据、排放清单数据、数字高程模型（DEM）数据和人口数据,捕捉O₃＿8h的时空变化.本研究采用十折交叉验证的方式评估模型的估算性能(R²为0.871,RMSE为11.7μg·m^-3),与随机森林模型（RF）和核岭回归模型（KRR）相比,由于算法本身的提升和并行处理的推进,使得XGBoost模型估算结果表现出更高的准确性(RF:R²为0.864,RMSE为12.387μg·m^-3; KRR:R²为0.582, RMSE为23.1μg·m^-3)且模型运算效率明显提升.同时对中国各省市人口臭氧暴...     

基于源反演和气溶胶同化方法天津空气质量模式预报能力改进

为提升天津空气质量数值模式精细化预报能力,基于高分辨率排放源清单,技术应用源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化方法开展2020年天津空气质量数值预测分析,评估不同技术对空气质量模式预报能力改进,并结合气象因素评估模式系统性误差,以期提升天津空气质量精细化预报能力,服务分区精细化大气污染防治.结果表明,基于高分辨率排放源清单、源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化方法,可有效改进天津空气质量模式预报能力,调整后天津PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 SO₂、 NO₂和O₃浓度预报平均偏差均在2μg·m^-3以内,其中高分辨率排放源清单应用后PM_2.5平均偏差为1.80μg·m^-3,源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化技术应用后平均偏差分别为-1.45μg·m^-3和-3.98μg·m^-3,均显著小于原模式的18.75μg·m^-3; PM_2.5浓度预报和实况的相关...     

基于TROPOMI的淮河流域大气NO2干沉降估算

基于Sentinel–5P卫星TROPOMI数据,利用随机森林方法反演2018～2020年淮河流域地面NO₂浓度,采用推算法获得淮河流域2018～2020年NO₂干沉降通量,并通过划分不同集水区(水域、农田、城区和植被覆盖区)估算大气NO₂干沉降对淮河流域水体氮素的贡献.结果显示,卫星反演地面NO₂浓度与地面站点实测资料一致性较高,相关系数(R)为0.94,平均绝对误差(MAE)为2.7,均方根误差(RSME)为4.1.淮河流域地面NO₂浓度和NO₂干沉降通量均有明显的季节变化,春夏秋冬4个季节地面NO₂平均浓度分别为13.7,12.2,17.6,23.1μg/m³;NO₂平均干沉降通量分别为1.25,1.13,1.61,2.13kg N/(hm²·a).淮河流域地面NO₂浓度和干沉降通量均表现为南北部高,东西部低.农田区域NO₂     

焦化行业高污染排放对中国空气质量的影响

为了解焦化行业对中国大气的影响,以地级市为单位收集产焦量等活动水平数据,采用排放因子法建立了我国2020年焦化行业大气污染物的排放清单,并对2021年焦炭产量在1000万t及以上的省份焦化区和非焦化区6种常规污染物的浓度、超标率、作为首要污染物出现的频率和空气质量指数等情况进行了对比分析.结果显示,焦化行业大气污染物的高排放区主要集中在我国山西、陕西、河北、内蒙古、山东等省份(自治区),陕西省榆林市排放量最高.焦化区PM_2.5和PM₁₀的年均浓度(37.7μg·m^-3和82.7μg·m^-3)、超标率(9.78%和9.26%)和作为首要污染物出现的频率(17.82%和35.97%)均高于非焦化区的年均浓度(32.0μg·m^-3和64.6μg·m^-3)、超标率(7.46%和6.74%)和作为首要污染物出现的频率(17.00%和22.33%),SO₂在两个地区均未超标,O₃仅在焦化区的夏季超标,而NO₂     

基于GTWR-XGBoost模型的四川省PM2.5小时浓度估算

卫星气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和气象数据已被广泛用于估算空气动力学直径≤2.5μm的地表颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度.研究高时间分辨率、高精度的PM_2.5浓度估算方法,对及时准确的空气质量预报和大气污染的预防及缓解具有重要意义.使用Himawari-8 AOD小时产品和ERA5气象再分析资料作为估算变量,提出GTWR-XGBoost组合模型,对四川省PM_2.5小时浓度进行估算.结果表明：(1)提出的组合模型运用于全数据集的性能优于KNN、 RF、 AdaBoost、 GTWR、 GTWR-KNN、 GTWR-RF和GTWR-AdaBoost模型,拟合精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.96、 3.43μg·m^-3和5.52μg·m^-3,验证精度指标R²、 MAE和RMSE分别为0.9、 4.98μg·m^-3和7.92μg·m^-3.(2)该模型作用于PM_2.5浓度小时估算...     

运城市PM2.5时空分布特征和潜在源区季节分析

基于2019年3月～2020年2月环境空气质量监测数据,分析了运城市PM_2.5污染的时空分布特征,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和聚类分析等方法探讨不同季节运城市PM_2.5污染的输送路径和潜在源区.结果表明,运城市ρ(PM_2.5)冬季最高(111.24μg·m^-3),夏季最低(30.02μg·m^-3),PM_2.5/PM₁₀秋冬季均大于0.6,表明运城市秋冬两季颗粒物污染以细颗粒物为主;空间上ρ(PM_2.5)年均值呈现北部和中部高、东部和西部低的分布特征,高值区PM_2.5与SO₂、 NO₂和CO呈显著强相关,表明本地排放对高值区ρ(PM_2.5)影响较大,春季和冬季最高值分别位于河津市(58.50μg·m^-3)和稷山县(142.33μg·m^-3),夏季最高值位于南部的平陆县(36.92...     

基于随机森林模型的中国近地面NO2浓度估算

NH₃针对传统近地面NO₂浓度空间模拟过程中NO₂浓度与其影响要素之间关系的复杂非线性机制解释不充分的缺陷,本研究基于随机森林（RF）算法、融合多源地理要素开展了近地面NO₂浓度空间分布模拟研究.以卫星OMI对流层NO₂柱浓度数据和多源地理要素（道路交通、气象因子、土地利用/覆盖、地形高程、人口数量）为输入变量,近地面NO₂浓度为输出变量,利用RF算法构建近地面NO₂浓度反演模型.通过对比地面观测数据与传统土地利用回归模型（LUR）检验RF模型的有效性,基于所构建的最优RF模型在不同时间尺度下模拟分析中国大陆地区近地面NO₂浓度空间分布特征.结果表明：（1）集成多源地理要素的RF回归模型精度高,月均模型整体拟合度R² 0.85,RMSE 6.08μg/m³,交叉验证的R² 0.84,RMSE 6.33μg/m³,显著高于LUR模型（拟合R² 0.53,RMSE 10.48μg/m³,交叉验证的R² 0.53,RMSE 10.49μg/m³）; （2）地面NO₂浓度与预测变量呈现显著的复杂非线性与时间尺度依赖关系,卫星OMI柱浓度对模型影响程度最大,重要性指标IncMSE介于97.40%~116.54%,多源地理特征变量对RF模型同样具有不可忽视的贡献力（IncMSE在23.34%~47.53%之间）;（3）中国大陆地区NO₂污染程度较高,年均模拟浓度为24.67μg/m³,存在明显季节性空间差异,NO₂浓度冬季（31.85μg/m³） > 秋季（24.86μg/m³） > 春季（23.24μg/m³） > 夏季（18.75μg/m³）,呈现以华北平原为高值中心、向外围逐渐减轻的空间分布格局.较已有研究揭示对流层NO₂柱浓度宏观分布特征,本研究对近地面NO₂污染特征的研究成果对于合理制定污染防控策略、降低居民暴露健康损害具有指导意义.     

2015～2020年中国城市PM2.5-O3复合污染时空演变特征

基于2015～2020年中国333个城市PM_2.5和O₃浓度监测数据,利用空间聚类、趋势分析和地理重力模型等方法,定量分析我国主要城市的PM_2.5-O₃复合污染特征和时空演变格局.结果表明：(1) PM_2.5和O₃浓度存在协同变化规律,当ρ(PM_2.5＿mean)≤85μg·m^-3时,ρ(PM_2.5＿mean)和ρ(O₃＿perc90)存在同步增长的现象;当ρ(PM_2.5＿mean)处于国家Ⅱ级限值(35±10)μg·m^-3时,ρ(O₃＿perc90)平均值的峰值增速最快;当ρ(PM_2.5＿mean)>85μg·m^-3时,ρ(O₃＿perc90)平均值出现显著下降趋势.(2)我国城市PM_2.5和O₃     

超低排放改造推广及NH3减排对京津冀冬季环境效益研究

为量化京津冀（BTH）地区超低排放（ULE）改造推广应用潜在的环境效益,基于GEOS-Chem大气化学模型,设计了2个全国情景和6个区域情景,从区域大气输送、超低排放改造在燃煤电厂（CPPs）、工业燃煤（ICB）推广及控制NH₃排放等方面进行研究.结果表明：（1）全国燃煤电厂完成ULE改造,使得京津冀地区2015年1月PM_2.5浓度下降3.2%(2.4μg·m^-3),如只是京津冀地区燃煤电厂完成ULE改造,可使京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度降低1.1%(0.8μg·m^-3),可知区域联防联控对雾霾的治理具有重要意义;（2）在京津冀地区燃煤电厂完成ULE改造的基础上,工业燃煤完成ULE改造、NH₃排放减少30%和50%,可使得京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度分别降低5.4%(3.5μg·m^-3)、4.7%(4.0μg·m^-3)和7.7%(5.7μg·m^-3),可知工业燃煤的ULE改造和...     

河南省臭氧污染趋势特征及敏感性变化

基于环境空气质量站点数据及卫星遥感数据,研究了河南省近地面臭氧（O₃）2015～2020年变化特征、趋势和生成敏感性.结果表明,2015～2020年,河南省近地面O₃浓度先上升后下降,2018年浓度最高,O₃日最大8 h滑动平均值（MDA8）年均值为110.70μg·m^-3,各站点间的MDA8值差异逐渐缩小;河南省月均MDA8时间序列表现为上升趋势,增长速率为2.46μg·（m³·a）^-1,经Mann-Kendall趋势检验,除漯河、南阳和平顶山市外其它地市上升趋势均具有显著性意义（P<0.05）;6 a间四季MDA8浓度也呈增长趋势,增长大小为：秋季（19.31%）>冬季（17.09%）>春季（16.82%）>夏季（7.24%）; 2015～2019年河南省对流层NO₂高值集中在西北部,浓度呈下降趋势,下降速率为0.34×10¹⁵ molecules·（cm²·a）...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.