二氧化硫加剧砷对小鼠肝脏的损伤

砷(As)与二氧化硫(SO_2)是两种分布极为广泛的环境污染物,二者皆对肝脏有一定毒性.SO_2排放的增加,使许多受到原生高As地下水影响的居民同时遭遇SO_2污染,因此,本文探讨了SO_2对As暴露致肝脏损伤的影响和机制.以C57BL/6小鼠为试验模型,设置对照组、As处理组、SO_2处理组及SO_2与As联合处理组,检测5 mg·m~(-3) SO_2和/或5 mg·L~(-1) As暴露对小鼠肝脏氧化应激指标、炎症信号通路及肝脏组织结构的影响.结果发现,饮水As暴露组小鼠产生氧化应激损伤,并激活炎症信号通路,导致小鼠肝脏损伤;As与SO_2联合组氧化应激水平高于As或SO_2单独暴露组,炎症信号通路NF-κB及STAT-3的关键因子显著上调表达,肝组织结构损伤加重.研究表明,SO_2会加重As暴露引发的肝脏氧化应激与炎性反应,两者间联合效应促进了肝脏组织结构的损伤.     

砷暴露对小鼠葡萄糖稳态的影响

通过饮水亚砷酸钠(NaAsO_2)暴露,研究了砷对小鼠葡萄糖稳态的影响及相关作用机制.结果发现,C57BL/6小鼠经饮水暴露5、50mg·L~(-1)As 6个月,每月空腹血糖和1~4个月内葡萄糖耐量与对照组无明显变化.砷暴露5、6个月导致葡萄糖耐量受损且具有剂量和时间依赖性,与此同时,血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性在5 mg·L~(-1)As组无明显改变,但50 mg·L~(-1)As组显著高于对照组;苏木精和伊红(HE)染色观察到砷暴露组小鼠肝脏结构损伤,炎性细胞浸润.此外,砷暴露组肝脏中促炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)mRNA水平显著上升,胰岛素受体底物(IRS2)和葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT2)mRNA转录水平下降,高剂量砷组基因表达的增减幅度较大.研究结果表明,长期砷暴露会引发实验动物葡萄糖耐量受损、肝脏功能和结构损伤,葡萄糖耐量受损可能与砷暴露组胰岛素受体后信号转导障碍和肝脏葡萄糖转运异常有关.     

纳米氧化锌颗粒对大鼠气管上皮细胞动态变化的影响及毒性机理

纳米氧化锌(Zn O NPs)对呼吸道的毒性损伤作用备受关注,但有关其对呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化的影响机理还有待深入研究.因此,本研究通过将大鼠气管上皮细胞(RTE)暴露于不同浓度(1和10 mg·L~(-1))和不同粒径(50和200 nm)的Zn O NPs中,利用细胞电阻抗检测技术(ECIS)检测细胞动态变化,采用CCK8法检测细胞生长抑制效应,并通过胞内ROS和MDA含量变化探讨其影响机制.ECIS检测结果显示,Zn O NPs暴露下,RTE细胞生长和增殖受到明显抑制,且具有浓度依赖效应.当暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时,与对照组相比,50 nm暴露组细胞电阻抗值的下调幅度为18%,为200 nm暴露组的1.2倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞增殖抑制率具有浓度依赖效应,当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50和200 nm暴露组细胞增殖抑制率分别为暴露浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)时的2.9和1.4倍.Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞氧化应激结果显示,胞内ROS和MDA含量随着纳米颗粒暴露浓度的增加而增加,随着纳米颗粒粒径的减小而增加,具有显著的浓度-和剂量-依赖效应.当Zn O NPs浓度分别为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,ROS含量分别是对照组的2.8和3.7倍;当暴露浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm暴露组细胞内ROS含量是200 nm暴露组的1.7倍;暴露浓度为1和10 mg·L~(-1)时,50 nm氧化锌处理组诱导的细胞内MDA含量分别是对照组的5.4和7.9倍.Zn O NPs能够影响呼吸道上皮细胞动态变化,从而破环RTE细胞屏障并进入细胞,诱导胞内ROS和MDA水平升高,进而抑制细胞的生长与增殖.研究表明,影响Zn O NPs诱导的RTE细胞动态变化和氧化应激的关键因素是颗粒粒径与暴露浓度.     

邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织损伤研究

人类神经系统成熟的海马神经元细胞不能进行复制与自我修复,导致了神经系统易受到环境污染物损伤的风险.邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(Diisonyl phthalate,DINP)是一种增塑剂替代产品,类雌激素作用较弱,正受到欧盟的推广使用.虽然目前已有一些研究表明了DINP的毒性,但有关其神经毒性的体内研究国内还较少.因此,本研究探讨了DINP单独暴露及与褪黑素联合作用对小鼠脑组织的影响.行为学分析显示,经灌胃200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)的DINP会导致小鼠行为学出现明显变化;脑组织病理学观察、免疫组化分析(半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP))、氧化应激水平检测(活性氧簇(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OH-d G)、DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC))、炎症水平检测(肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白介素1β(IL-1β))结果显示,小鼠脑组织海马区出现了病理学损伤,氧化应激和炎症水平上升(p0.01).DINP处理后予以50 mg·kg-1·d-1的褪黑素可以降低氧化应激水平,对小鼠脑组织海马区起到保护作用.以上数据表明,实验剂量(200 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))DINP处理后可以导致小鼠脑组织损伤,同时予以褪黑素可以在一定程度上缓解这种损伤.     

BBP对小鼠睾丸IL-1βmRNA和TNF-αmRNA表达的影响

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)对小鼠睾丸炎症性细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的基因表达的影响,以性成熟的雄性昆明小鼠为实验材料.经不同浓度BBP染毒12d后取其睾丸组织提取总RNA,运用半定量RT-PeR方法分析BBP对小鼠睾丸IL-1β和TNF-α表达水平的影响.实验结果表明,与对照组相比,125mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸IL-1β的转录稍有上调,但无显著性差异;250mg·kg-1、500mg·kg-1和1000mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸IL-1β的转录呈显著上调(p<0.05或<0.01).TNF-α的转录随所给BBP剂量的增高而上升,呈剂量-效应关系;250mg·kg-1、500mg·kg-1和1000mg·kg-1的BBP染毒组小鼠睾丸TNF-α的转录均显著上调(p<0.05或<0.01).由此可见,较高的BBP暴露水平可使小鼠睾丸内细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的转录水平明显上升,从而表达增强,这可能是BBP对小鼠雄性生殖毒性的重要机制之一.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对糖尿病小鼠肾脏的影响

以糖尿病小鼠为模式生物,探究了100nm和5μm的聚苯乙烯微塑料(PSMPs)(200μg/L)通过饮水暴露28d后对小鼠肾脏的毒性.结果表明,糖尿病小鼠对PSMPs的暴露更加敏感,100nm和5μm PSMPs暴露导致糖尿病小鼠肾脏出现明显的炎性细胞浸润和淤血等病理损伤,且100nm PSMPs对肾脏造成的病理损伤更为严重.此外100nm PSMPs暴露显著加剧了糖尿病小鼠肾脏炎症因子(TNF-α和IL-6)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和血清肌酐表达水平,并导致肾脏代谢紊乱.与5μm PSMPs相比,100nm PSMPs暴露呈现出的小粒径毒性效应可能与纳米级别PSMPs更易透过肠道屏障在肾脏中累积有关.此外,肾脏代谢通路紊乱引起的糖酵解能力受损和能量代谢水平降低也增加了PSMPs对糖尿病小鼠肾脏的负荷.     

NF-κB通路参与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯诱导U251细胞毒性的作用研究

为探究nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)通路及其分子事件相关蛋白参与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl-phthalate, DBP)诱导神经毒性的作用机制,以人胶质瘤细胞U251为对象,设置6个实验组:Control组,Tween 80组(阳性对照组)、25μmol·L~(-1) DBP组、100μmol·L~(-1) DBP组、20μmol·L~(-1)维生素E (vitamin E, VE)组、100μmol·L~(-1) DBP+20μmol·L~(-1) VE组.U251细胞经不同处理组分别暴露12 h及24 h后,观察细胞形态学结晶紫染色结果,检测细胞活性(CCK-8)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、氧化应激转录因子NF-κB,以及NF-κB通路相关蛋白钙调神经磷酸酶(calcineurin, CaN)、泛素特异性蛋白酶14(ubiquitin-specific protease 14, USP14)、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF)的表达水平.与对照组相比,100μmol·L~(-1) DBP组U251细胞的数量降低,细胞损伤,CCK-8降低,ROS、MDA含量显著升高,NF-κB水平显著升高,CaN、USP14表达均升高,GDNF表达降低,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05,p0.01);加入抗氧化剂VE处理后,与100μmol·L~(-1) DBP组相比,100μmol·L~(-1) DBP+20μmol·L~(-1)M VE组U251细胞的数量增多,细胞损伤得到缓解,CCK-8上升,ROS、MDA含量显著降低,NF-κB水平显著降低,CaN、USP14表达均降低,GDNF表达增加,差异均有统计学意义(p0.05,p0.01).NF-κB和NF-κB通路相关蛋白的水平或含量变化表明,NF-κB作为氧化应激转录因子参与DBP诱导的U251细胞毒性作用;VE作为抗氧化剂可阻断ROS的生成从而抑制NF-κB的活化,提示VE在体外对DBP介导的神经毒性具有一定的保护作用.     

甲醛与DEHP联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

为探讨甲醛职业气态暴露和邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)经口灌胃联合染毒对小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,本实验以雄性昆明小鼠为研究对象,开展甲醛与DEHP职业暴露实验研究.实验分组为:(1)对照组;(2)FA(甲醛)组:0.5,1,3mg/m~3;(3)DEHP组:5,50,500mg/kg;(4)联合组:0.5mg/m~3+5mg/kg,1mg/m~3+50mg/kg,3mg/m~3+500mg/kg;(5)阻断组:生理盐水+VE(维生素E)(100mg/mL),FA3.0mg/m~3+VE,DEHP500mg/kg+VE,FA3.0mg/m~3+DEHP500mg/kg+VE.FA组和联合组吸入气态甲醛染毒8h,5+2模式(5d持续暴露,间隔2d,暴露2周),DEHP组和联合组经口灌胃不同浓度的DEHP溶液,持续14d.此外,阻断组每天用100mg/mL的VE灌胃小鼠(灌胃剂量10mg/(kg·d)).每日染毒结束后,进行水迷宫测试.检测脑组织中ROS、MDA、TNF-α、IL-β和5-HT等生理指标的变化.结果表明:在定位导航实验中,甲醛和DEHP均可影响小鼠逃避潜伏期,随着染毒剂量的增大,潜伏期延长.联合染毒组较同等剂量的单独染毒组尤为明显.在空间探索实验中,与对照组比较,甲醛1,3mg/m~3和DEHP500mg/kg及联合组1mg/m~3+50mg/kg和3mg/m~3+500mg/kg在目标象限游泳时间缩短(P0.05);联合组在目标象限的游泳时间与甲醛、DEHP单独染毒组比较均明显减少(P0.05).甲醛1.0,3.0mg/m~3和DEHP50mg/kg,500mg/kg及联合组1.0mg/m~3+50mg/kg,3.0mg/m~3+500mg/kg小鼠脑组织内ROS水平和MDA含量出现显著性上升,GSH水平出现显著下降(P0.05),炎性因子TNF-α和IL-β表达水平也显著增加,细胞凋亡因子Caspase-3得到活化,神经递质5-HT含量在3.0mg/m~3+500mg/kg组中明显降低(P0.01).0.5mg/m3甲醛暴露组对小鼠影响不明显,各项指标未出现显著性变化,行为学亦没有明显变化.综上,甲醛1.0,3.0mg/m~3和DEHP500mg/kg及联合1.0mg/m~3+50mg/kg和3.0mg/m~3+500mg/kg能使小鼠产生氧化损伤和炎症反应,ROS,MDA水平上升(P0.05),GSH水平下降(P0.05),炎症因子IL-β,TNF-α水平上升(P0.05),Caspase-3水平上升(P0.05),8-OHDG水平上升(P0.05),神经递质5-HT水平下降(P0.05).两者联合染毒具有一定的正协同作用.VE能够通过降低脑组织中氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡水平和增加神经递质含量对小鼠脑组织进行保护.     

邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯联合甲醛致小鼠学习记忆障碍的氧化损伤机制研究

为了探究邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(Diisodecyl Phthalate,DIDP)、甲醛(Formaldehyde,FA)二者联合暴露致小鼠学习记忆障碍的氧化损伤机制,以及维生素E(Vitamin E,Vit E)对二者所致氧化损伤的保护作用,将80只SPF级3周龄雄性KM小鼠随机平均分为8组:(A)阴性对照组;(B)0.15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(C)1.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(D)15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(E)150 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(F) 1 mg·m~(-3)FA组;(G)1 mg·m~(-3)FA+15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP组;(H)1 mg·m~(-3)FA+15 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)DIDP+100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)Vit E组.连续染毒3周.于染毒第13 d开始进行水迷宫实验,末次给药后24 h内取小鼠脑组织制作切片和组织匀浆,检测脑组织匀浆中活性氧(ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-OHdG)的含量.结果表明,(A)组～(E)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤逐渐加重,小鼠学习记忆能力逐渐下降;(G)组较(F)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤加重,小鼠学习记忆能力下降;(H)组较(G)组小鼠脑海马组织氧化损伤减轻,小鼠学习记忆能力有所提高.研究显示,DIDP可通过氧化应激作用,引起脑海马组织损伤,导致小鼠学习记忆能力下降.     

MC-LR对草鱼肠道显微结构和炎症相关细胞因子表达的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)是蓝藻水华暴发产生的一种毒素,在水生生态系统中广泛分布.为探讨MC-LR对鱼类的肠道免疫毒性,分别对草鱼经腹腔注射不同剂量的MC-LR(25、75和100μg·kg-1),24、48、72和96 h后取样,分别进行组织病理变化和炎症相关细胞因子表达分析.显微结构结果显示,肠道组织病理变化表现为微绒毛结构破坏并伴随淋巴细胞浸润,肠上皮细胞排列紊乱,杯状细胞数目显著增多,粘膜固有层充血,在高剂量组甚至出现粘膜固有层分离的现象,且有剂量和时间效应.采用荧光定量PCR方法检测了炎症相关细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α和TGF-β的mRNA转录水平变化.结果显示促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α表达在低剂量组显著上升,而在高剂量组的表达多被抑制;而抗炎性细胞因子IL-10 mRNA仅在25μg·kg-1BW处理组表达差异变化显著,但在高剂量组表达变化差异不显著,TGF-β1的表达仅在75和100μg·kg-1处理组分别处理72和24 h后显著降低,其他差异不显著.从以上结果推测MC-LR的肠道免疫毒性主要表现为肠黏膜结构的破坏以及产生炎性反应,其中对肠黏膜结构的破坏具有剂量依赖效应.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.